Denna uppsats undersöker hur de svenska vägarna kommer att påverkas om klimatscenariona slår in och hur klimatförändringarna påverkar vägarnas sårbarhet. Uppsatsen svarar på frågorna om vilka klimatfaktorer som påverkar vägarna, hur vägbyggen ska anpassas till klimatförändringarna samt hur man kan förebygga skador på de befintliga vägarna som orsakas av klimatförändringarna.This essay investigates how the Swedish roads will be affected if the climate scenarios will come true and how the climate changes influences the vulnerability of the roads. The essay answers the questions of which climate factors it is that influences the roads, how to adjust the road building to the climate changes and how to prevent damage on existing roads due to the climate changes.

This thesis is concerned with optimal life-cycle investing. More precisely, the subject of the thesis is the optimal portfolio choice of an investor with risky labor income and long investment horizon. The objective is to investigate effects of uninsurable labor income and retirement on the optimal portfolio choice of the investor in question. Difference in optimal allocation of wealth to risky an

Karst är landskap och karakteristika som är viktiga både ur hydrologisk och geologisk synpunkt och som är utvecklade genom vattnets vittring av oftast karbonathaltiga stenar. Denna uppsats kartlägger världens karstområden, beskriver egenskaper av karst och karsthydrologi och strävar efter att definiera problem och möjligheter med vattenhantering i karstlandskap. Akvifärer i karst skiljer sig i månSummary: Water is, and will in the near future be even more, a key issue for the global development, and for issues concerning equal rigts for all mankind. Water is a necessity and a scarce resource in great parts of the world and it therefore exists a great need for development and management of the world’s waters. With fresh waters being increasingly accentuated for their importance in global de

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Naturens tandemcykel – på väg att spåra ur. På senare år har det talats allt mer om klimatet och allt som ses som ett hot mot det. För växter och djur spelar de säsongsmässiga variationerna i miljöförutsättningar roll för när på året olika steg i deras utveckling sker, hur deras fenologi påverkas. I denna uppsats studeras några av de resultat av förändrad fenoloPhenology, the yearly development cycles of plants and animals, driven by seasonal changes in temperature and other environmental prerequisets, have been studied for hundreds of years. During recent years, with the ongoing changes in climate scientists have seen on earth, the interest for the research results from phenology studies has increased from several angles. It is no longer just ecologists

Vindkraft är en förnyelsebar energikälla som ligger i tiden och är den energikälla som idag växer snabbast i världen. Eftersom Sverige har stor utbredning och långa kustpartier finns det goda möjligheter att utnyttja vind som energikälla. Sveriges riksdag har därför satt ett mål att ungefär tiodubbla energiutvinningen från vindkraft till år 2015. Den generella uppfattningen om vindkraft i Sverige Wind-power is the fastest growing energy source in the world today. In 2002 the Swedish Parliament established a goal for an annual energy production of 10TWh from wind-power in 2015. This is an increase of 9.1TWh from the current production of 0,9TWh. In order to achieve this objective a well-functioning decision-making process is needed for the siting and construction of new wind power plants. T

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Malmö ur ett mandelblomsperspektiv. Tänk dig att du är en mandelblom på en äng någonstans i trakterna kring Malmö. I början av Maj år 1802 kryper du upp ur jorden och känner solens strålar mot dina blad. Du sätter blommor, du får frön som av en vindpust förs iväg och landar i en hage inte så långt bort. Nu låtsas vi att ditt frö inte gror, utan det ligger kvar iBiodiversity preservation has a high priority in nature conservation on a global, regional and local scale. The rate at which species are extinct today is very high and this is to a large extent a consequence of human influence on the earth’s ecosystems. The decreasing biodiversity in Sweden is mainly an effect of the landscape becoming more fragmented. GIS is generally considered as an effective

In this essay I have gone through the discussions of the Swedish parliament from 1840 to 1878 regarding the Swedish colony S:t Barthélemy. The Swedish slave colony, acquired from France in 1784, was a major source of income as a transit harbor during the Napoleonic Wars, but was otherwise an expense for the Swedish state. Using Immanuel Wallersteins World System theory, Etienne Balibars model for

This paper examines whether economic sanctions, or threats of sanctions, destabilize regime leaders. As a measure for the events of sanctions the study uses a dataset known as the Threat or Imposition of Sanctions (TIES) including 888 individual cases. The applied econometric method is the conditional logistic regression with panel data on the period between 1971 and 2000. The findings suggest tha

In the carriage of goods by sea most of the times there are three parties involved - the carrier, the shipper and the consignee. Due to the fact that more often than not they are unrelated to each other, such a relationship presupposes the use of fraudulently issued bills of lading. The purpose of this paper is to discuss the existing legal regimes governing the use of bills of lading and the way

This study examines the effects of automotive fuel taxes on technoloical innovation in the field of motor vehicle fuel efficiency. The analysis is conducted using patent data on a panel of OECD countries over the period 1978-2007. A complementary analysis is also conducted using the average level of CO2 emissions from newly registered passenger cars in EU countries over the period 2001-2007, so as

Modern technical infrastructures are an essential part of today's modern society. In this report a case study is made where the vulnerability of two interdependent infrastructures, namely a water distribution system and an electricity distribution system, is analyzed using a model based on network theory. The aim of this is to 1) determine what dependencies are present between these two infras

De flesta aktiebolag i Sverige är fåmansföretag – vilket innebär att de ägs till övervägande del av en eller ett fåtal personer – och för dessa företag gäller särskilda skatterättsliga regler. Bakgrunden till denna särreglering är att det inte föreligger något sant tvåpartsförhållande mellan företaget och dess ägare, vilka utan särreglering därför skulle kunna skaffa sig omotiverade skattemässiga Most limited companies in Sweden are closely held companies – which mean that they are predominantly owned by one or a few persons – and for these companies there are special regulations applicable. The reason for having special regulations is that there does not exist a bilateral relationship between the company and the owner. Hence, without these special regulations the owner could receive unjus

This paper has its base in the article “Economic Determinants of Free Trade Agreements” where the authors Baier and Bergstrand (2004) basically treat the economic determinants of FTAs and in which they develop a model to provide proof and support of the robustness of those determinants. I consider their theory and their model but not to make the same point. Instead I analyze if an FTA, ECOTA to be

In this thesis, two multivariate conditional volatility models are applied to evaluate the performance of optimal hedge ratios (OHRs) in minimizing the exposure from holding positions in the underlying stock markets. The OHRs were calculated for four distinct strategies: i) a “static” hedge ratio obtained by constant OLS; ii) a rolling OLS hedge; iii) a dynamic hedge based on a constant conditiona

Tillgänglighet har funnits starkt relaterat till socio-ekonomiska indikatorer och markanvändning i många studier. Termen tillgänglighet har många definitioner. I grunden beskriver termen möjligheterna eller med vilken lätthet man kan nå, förskaffa eller delta i en plats, vara eller en aktivitet beroende på spatial eller social separation. Denna studien har fokuserat på den spatiala separationen. IAccessibility has been found closely linked to socio-economic indicators and to land use in many studies. The term has many definitions, basically the term describes the ability or the ease in which a location, opportunity or ware can be reached, obtained or be participated in by either spatially separated or socially separated people. This study has focused on the spatial separation. In this stud

Klimatanalysen av ett av Skånes största företag inom jord- och skogsbruk visade att kor är klimatbovar och att skogen kan hjälpa oss att sätta dit dem. Under många år har forskarna förutspått att uppvärmningen till följd av människans utsläpp av växthusgaser kan få dramatiska konsekvenser. En global ökning av temperaturen ökar förekomsten av extrema väderfenomen som stormar, skyfall och torka. I SThe Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) estimates global warming caused by anthropogenic emissions of greenhouse gases (GHG) to 1.1-6.4 º C in the year 2100. Agriculture is the source of 10-12 % of the global GHG emissions. Forests and other terrestrial ecosystems estimated to provide a sink affected by land use management. In this study, I estimate the sources and sinks in agricultur

Populärvetenskaplig sammanfattning: Sahel kallas området i Afrika som sträcker sig från Atlanten i väst till Röda havet i öst och utgör gränsen mellan Saharas öken i norr och de fuktigare tropiska områdena längre söderut. Området är torrt och nederbörden faller oregelbundet. Under 1970- och 1980-talet drabbades området av svår torka med svält som följd. Studier visar att en ökad mängd nederbörd deSahel is the southern fringe of the Sahara desert. It is an arid region with erratic precipitation. During the 1970s and 1980s Sahel was afflicted with severe droughts and famine disasters. Since the 1970s there has been a debate concerning the concept of land degradation and desertification in Sahel. Recent findings suggest a positive trend in Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI), estima

Ökande marktemperaturer har rapporterats från hela Arktis. Marktemperaturen är känslig för klimatförändringar och spelar en viktig roll för biologiska och fysiska processer i jorden. I områden med permafrost (mark som är frusen minst två år i följd) kan en ökad marktemperatur leda till att permafrosten tinar, vilket kan få genomgripande konsekvenser på vegetation, hydrologi och infrastruktur. UpptIncreasing ground temperatures have been documented all around the Arctic. Ground temperatures are sensitive climate indicators and play an important role in biological and physical processes that occur in soils. Increases in ground temperatures can lead to permafrost thawing which in turn can have profound effects on vegetation, hydrology and infrastructure. Also the greenhouse gas balance can be

Sustainability is an ever increasing field of interest in business management. However, the notions of sustainability are elusive and its implications are not always clear. What is clear though is that being sustainable can enhance a corporate organisation’s competitive advantage. Risk management in general, and fire protection in particular, can be argued to inherently provide benefits of a susta

This study provide insights into the sources of differences in the degree of income-related inequalities in self-assessed health in 10 European countries using data on an older population (aged 50 and above) from the Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE, 2004). The aim of this study is to compare the inequalities of this older population with a younger population used in van Do