Object Restrictions after Cartes Bancaires and Consequences for Agreements in Need to Benefit from the “Safe Harbour” of the De Minimis Notice
Some practices are seen as so serious and damaging to competition that they are presumed to have restrictive effects on competition. Having a category of restrictions that are forbidden benefits both companies, as it creates legal certainty, and the Commission which would not not have to go through a burdensome investigation. In recent decades, the interpretation of restriction by object has cause
