Aktivering av immunförsvaret dämpar den samme Kroppens immunförsvar består av en mängd olika typer av specialiserade celler, alla med sina unika egenskaper och nischer. För att immunförsvaret ska fungera så optimalt som möjligt krävs det att cellerna kan interagera och kommunisera med varandra, vilket görs med hjälp av proteiner som finns på cellernas yta. En typ av celler, som kallas CD8+ T cellAbstract 4-1BB (CD137/TNFRSF9) is a costimulatory receptor expressed by several cellular subsets of the immune system, but is commonly associated with CD8+ T cells. Stimulation of 4-1BB on CD8+ T cells with agonistic antibodies (α-4-1BB) causes a potent proliferation signal and an upregulated expression of CD11c. CD11c+CD8+ have previously been recognized to suppress other immune cells, such as F

Streptomyces belong to the phylum Actinobacteria, which are Gram-positive bacteria with GC-rich DNA. Most Streptomyces are strict aerobes and inhabit soil. They are known for production of a wide range of secondary metabolites, including antibiotics e.g. the macrolide erythromycin (S. erythraeus) or chloramphenicol (S. venezuelae). The typical smell of wet soil is owed to geosmin, also a secondary

Alzheimers sjukdom och nanopartiklar – blir vi dementa snabbare? Demenssjukdomar kommer märkbart att påverka vår allt mer åldrande befolkning. Alzheimers sjukdom är den vanligaste av dessa och leder till exempel till minnesförlust och förändrad personlighet. En sak som kännetecknar sjukdomen är bildandet av plack i hjärnan. Plack består av ihopklumpade protein. Proteinet som utgör dessa utgör desAbstract Alzheimer’s disease is a common form of dementia with one of its hallmarks being the formation of plaques in the brain consisting of fibrils formed from the amyloid beta peptide (Aβ). Nanoparticles have in vitro been shown to affect the rate of which these fibrils form. When nanoparticles enter a biological system they will be covered with proteins, a protein corona is formed. In this st

Abstract In this thesis, a molecular PCR-based method was used to study the bacterial diversity in milk. The aim was to compare the microbiota of traditionally pasteurized milk with milk treated with a novel pasteurization technique, using terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism (T-RFLP). A second aim was to analyze the microbial composition of cheese produced from the two milk variant

Sammanfattning: Vind är en viktig process för sedimenttransport och för landskapförändring, och eoliska sediment (flygsand) kan användas för att rekonstruera forntida klimat. I Sverige är utbredningen av flygsand inte så stor och det finns inte många studier med kronologi- eller paleomiljöperspektiv. Det finns en uppfattning om att flygsanden avsattes direkt efter inlandsisens avsmältning och att Wind is an important agent of transportation of sediments and to change the landscape. Aeolian sediments can be inferred as a proxy for past climate. In Sweden aeolian sediments are not widespread and there are not so many studies on chronological and paleoenvironmental aspects. It is believed that aeolian sediments were deposited right after deglaciation and reactivated during recent times as a r

miRNA och dess termodynamik I alla männskliga celler (förutom i de röda blodkropparna) finns en cellkärna. Inuti kärnan finns DNA:t. Segment av DNA kan läsas i en process kallad för transkription. I denna process omkodas det cellulära DNA genom transkription till den strukturellt liknande molekylen RNA. Denna molekyl blir vanligtvis avläst av cellen i en process kallad translation där kedjor av aAbstract We have performed a series of experiments in order to elucidate the properties of two breast cancer related microRNAs, here we denote A and B. In one experiment, we tested varying concentrations of biologically relevant cation upon the melting curve of A. We saw that the monovalent conditions favoured a melting curve that had two inflexion points whereas the divalent conditions favoured

Syftet med studien är att undersöka om det föreligger ett samband mellan inre motivation och medarbetarskap, samt hur detta eventuella samband varierar beroende på situationsvariabler respektive demografiska variabler så som kön, anställningstid, befattning och utbildning. Detta utifrån en litteraturgenomgång som uppvisar många begreppsmässiga likheter. Enkäter delades ut till 88 anställda vid en The aim of the study is to examine whether there is a correlation between intrinsic motivation and employeeship and how this correlation varies depending on situational variables and demographic variables such as gender, time of employment, position and education. This is based on a literature review that shows many conceptual similarities. Surveys were distributed to 88 employees in a large organ

The Apostle meeting in Jerusalem is an important event that leads to the Apostle Decree, condensing all rules into four main ones, in order to include the Gentiles. Regarding food restrictions in the Decree, what could have started a Gentile alternation of their old symbolic universe, in order to internalize a new plausibility structure? The focus seems to have been to describe in what way the Gen

Low specific contact resistivity (ρc) of alloyed Ni/Pd/Au and nonalloyed Ti/Pd/Au Ohmic contacts to unintentionally doped n-InAs and n+-In0.63Ga0.37As, which is a potential candidate for highly scaled HBTs and MOSFETs, is reported. Contacts were formed by UV-ozone oxidation and oxide removal with 1:1 HCl:DI water, and then deposited by either thermal evaporation or sputtering, followed by annealin

Abstract Replacing fossil oil with renewable resources perhaps is the most urgent challenge that the human being now is facing. Bioenergy has been considered as one of the best alternatives to fossil oil. Diverse non-edible applications of plant oil have been explored in the chemical industry recent years. However, both quantity and quality need to be improved from different oil crops for diverse

Abstract Organically managed cereal fields have a higher plant diversity compared to conventionally managed fields. The presence and spatial distribution of plant resources may affect the spatial relationships between prey organisms and their predators and could therefore alter the feeding relationships between predators and pest prey. As invertebrate predators play an important role in biologica

Abstract The pharmaceutical industry is currently facing a high clinical attrition rate. In order to prevent the late-stage clinical failure, many investigations on compound quality and drug-likeness of compounds have been carried out. It has been widely accepted that molecular size and lipophilicity plays an important role in compound quality. Many attempts have been done to find out other fact

The study explores to what extent recent changes (in the last decade) in the medical environment impact physicians’ identities. It has been conducted in Northern Italy (Emilia Romagna Region), interviewing 16 doctors between specialists and general practitioners and linking their insights with the literature. Our aim was to relate the de-professionalization and proletarianization debate to an iden

Abstract Estuaries and salt marshes are important wetlands used by waterbirds during winter and migration. However, many salt-marshes have been transformed into salinas, which currently function as high-tide roosts. Since traditional salt production is no longer profitable, many salinas have been abandoned or converted into aquaculture potentially becoming less attractive to waders. In this study

Popular science summary: Effects of xenobiotics on the harbor seal’s immune system Naturally synthesized toxins and also synthetic substances have both been suspected to cause mass mortality events in marine mammals. Top-predators at the end of the food chain, like harbor seals (Phoca vitulina), accumulate particularly high concentrations of contaminants. Certain substances have been proven to h

Studiens syfte var att undersöka de långsiktiga hälsoeffekterna av en skiftschemaförändring i på ett industriföretag, från ett snabbt framåtroterande schema till ett långsamt bakåtroterande schema. Undersökningen bygger på en studie som gjordes 2004 i samband med denna intervention. Data samlades in med hjälp av formulär som mätte subjektiv hälsa, sömn och trötthet, behov av återhämtning, obalans The purpose of this study was to examine the long term health effects of a shift change from a fast forward-rotating to a slowly backward-rotating schedule in an industrial company. The study is a follow-up of a study that was made in 2004 when this intervention was made. Data was collected using questionnaires covering subjective health, sleep and fatigue, need for recovery, work-family interface