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Taxation is a key activity of any state and a constant point of political struggle. The structure of taxation is continuously changing and evolving, and its size has grown dramatically during the last two hundred years. Many of the cross-national patterns we observe today are the result of centuries old conflicts and challenges, hence we need to take history into account if we want to understand c
Background: Coronary artery remodelling and vasospasm is a complication of acute myocardial ischemia and reperfusion. The underlying mechanisms are complex, but the vasoconstrictor peptide endothelin-1 is suggested to have an important role. This study aimed to determine whether the expression of endothelin-1 and its receptors are regulated in the myocardium and in coronary arteries after experime
Levodopa treatment is the major pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease. However, almost all patients receiving levodopa eventually develop debilitating involuntary movements (dyskinesia). Although it is known that striatal spiny projection neurons (SPNs) are involved in the genesis of this movement disorder, the molecular basis of dyskinesia is not understood. In this study, we identify distinct
Aims: The aim of this report is to provide a standard educational structure for nurses and allied professionals (NAP) specialising in interventional cardiology. The curriculum can also be used as a basis for training on a certificate-based level in interventional cardiology. Methods and results: The curriculum was developed by a panel of experts from various allied health professions. The syllabus
By the late 1960s, the largest Scandinavian film companies had all closed their sound stages and markedly lowered their annual ambitions with regard to production. This may be seen as a response to several different phenomena. First, television, a medium that was introduced in the region from the mid-1950s on, meant that films lost their habitual audience. Second, the introduction of film support
L -DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) represents one of the major limitations in the current pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD) and affects the majority of PD patients. Animal models are the most important preclinical tool for molecular investigations of LID mechanisms and therapeutic targets. Over the last two decades, models of LID have been developed in both nonhuman primate and rodent spec
L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID) is a major complication of the pharmacotherapy of Parkinson's disease (PD). Animal models of LID are essential for investigating pathogenic pathways and therapeutic targets. While non-human primates have been the preferred species for pathophysiological studies, mouse models of LID have been recently produced and characterized to facilitate molecular investigations.
Large interannual variations in the measured growth rate of atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO 2) originate primarily from fluctuations in carbon uptake by land ecosystems. It remains uncertain, however, to what extent temperature and water availability control the carbon balance of land ecosystems across spatial and temporal scales. Here we use empirical models based on eddy covariance data and proce
Rationale: Antiphospholipid syndrome (APS) in pregnancy may trigger the life-threatening catastrophic antiphospholipid syndrome (CAPS). Complement activation is implicated in the pathogenesis, and inhibition of complement factor C5 is suggested as an additional treatment option. Patient concerns, diagnosis and interventions: We present a pregnant patient treated with the C5-inhibitor eculizumab du
The degeneration of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in Parkinson's disease gives rise to tremor and slowness of movement, cardinal motor symptoms of the disease that can be alleviated by the dopamine precursor L-DOPA. Despite this, long-term L-DOPA treatment is hampered by the development of abnormal involuntary movements, i.e. dyskinesia, in the majority of patients. The pathophysiology of dys
The cAMP response element-binding protein (CREB) is believed to play a pivotal role in dopamine (DA) receptor-mediated nuclear signaling and neuroplasticity. Here we demonstrate that the significance of CREB for gene expression depends on the experimental paradigm. We compared the role of CREB in two different but related models: L-DOPA administration to unilaterally 6-hydroxydopamine lesioned rat
Preterm human neonates, contrary to preterm piglets, obtain immunoglobulins from their mothers via the placenta during intrauterine development. However, one should note that the majority of trans-placental transfer of immunoglobulins in humans takes place during the last trimester of pregnancy. It is also known that the feeding of limited amounts of colostrum or systemic infusion of small amounts
Current knowledge of the molecular changes induced by dopamine denervation and subsequent treatment with L-DOPA is based on studies performed on relatively acute and young animal models of parkinsonism. It is highly warranted to ask how well these models simulate the state of chronic denervation and sustained L-DOPA pharmacotherapy which are typical of advanced Parkinson's disease. This study inve
Opioid receptor-binding autoradiography was used as a way to map sites of altered opioid transmission in a rat model of L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia. Rats with unilateral 6-hydroxydopamine lesions of the nigrostriatal pathways sustained a 3-week treatment with L-DOPA (6 mg/kg/day, combined with 12 mg/kg/day benserazide), causing about half of them to develop dyskinetic-like movements on the side of t
Transplants of fetal midbrain raphe neurons into the adult brain have been shown to promote recovery of complex behavioral deficits in several experimental models, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are only partially understood. In the present study, we have used a well-characterized model system to ascertain whether midbrain raphe graft can display behaviorally relevant changes in trans
Objective: Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have been successful at identifying associations with stroke and stroke subtypes, but have not yet identified any associations solely with small vessel stroke (SVS). SVS comprises one quarter of all ischemic stroke and is a major manifestation of cerebral small vessel disease, the primary cause of vascular cognitive impairment. Studies across neuro
We investigated the role of dopamine neurons in the manifestation of levodopa-induced dyskinesia in a rat model of Parkinson's disease. Daily treatment with a subthreshold dose of levodopa gradually induced abnormal involuntary movements (AIM) in 6-hydroxydopamine-lesioned rats, which included stereotypy and contraversive rotation. After 4 weeks of levodopa treatment, rats with mild and severe AIM
Childhood obesity is a serious public health problem in Mexico. In this study, childhoodspecific dietary patterns and their relationship with overweight-obesity prevalence, nutrient profiles and types of foods consumed were studied. A descriptive cross-sectional study of 724 randomly selected schoolchildren between 9 to 12 years old from Nayarit State, Mexico was performed. Data on anthropometric
