Neuronnät är en typ av modell inom maskininlärning, som efterliknar strukturen av sammankopplade neuroner i en hjärna. Som en typ av maskininlärning kan neuronnät anpassa sig från tidigare försök för att förbättra sina resultat. I en dator används en förenklad modell av en kamera för att kunna visa realistiska bilder i datorspel till exempel. Förenklingen innebär att vissa effekter som skärpedjupIt is possible to create images from a computer model closely resembling those taken with a physical camera. To improve the photo-realism and perceived quality of a rendered image, it is often desireable to add realistic effects that do not appear in computer graphics due to the camera model. One of these effects is depth of field, where a physical camera with a lens can only focus at one specific

Autoantibodies in Type 1 Diabetes: A Case of Catch Me If You Can? Type 1 diabetes (T1D) is a chronic autoimmune disease in which the body cannot use ingested energy due to the lack of the hormone insulin. There is no cure for T1D; the only available treatment is daily insulin injections. Worldwide T1D numbers are increasing, and Sweden has the second most T1D patients globally. In T1D, disease-s

Effekten av plastskräp i jord Plast används i många kommersiella produkter i vårt moderna samhälle, t.ex läskflaskor, små kulor i exfolierande eller kosmetiska produkter, eller i mer industriella bruk så som täckplast i jordbruk. Materialet plast kan bestå av många kemiska olika varianter och tillsatser. Plast är populärt på grund av sina många egenskaper, bland annat så är det billigt, lätt att

Dramatiska floraförändringar i Skåne Floran i centrala Skåne har förändrats dramatiskt de senaste 60 åren. I mitten av 1900-talet dominerades landskapet av ängs- och betesmarker, högmossar och lövskog. Idag har både jordbruket och skogsbruket intensifierats, och många av ängs- och betesmarkerna hävdas inte längre, samtidigt som införda växter, förvildade från trädgårdar, har spridits i landskapeChanged land-use, nitrogen deposition, climate change, and the spread of non-native species have repeatedly been reported as the main drivers of floristic changes in northern Europe. However, the relevance of the geographical scale at which floristic changes are observed, is less studied and understood. Here, I assess the changes in species richness and species composition in the central parts of

In 2020, breast cancer became the most common type of cancer worldwide. While treatment and technology have radically improved, leading to high 5-year survival, the long-term survival of breast cancer is still poor. Gene expression profiling of patients is an important source of information for outcome prediction. The Sweden Cancerome Analysis Network-Breast (SCAN-B) was initiated in 2009 and prov

Dubbelbeckasinens resa De senaste decennier har avslöjat imponerande historier om flyttfåglars vandringar och liv. Ett exempel är dubbelbeckasinen, en vadarfågel som häckar i de skandinaviska fjällen. Svenska fåglar har visat sig kunna flyga direkt i över 90 timmar non-stop mellan häckningsplatsen i Jämtland och övervintringsplatsen i Afrika - ett avstånd på uppemot 7000 km. Under resan håller be

Ethnic discrimination is a poison that can have detrimental effects on its receivers. The current study therefore investigates the occurrence of ethnic discrimination in Sweden’s higher education. To achieve this, semi-structural interviews were held to give insights into the experiences, effects and responses of students with foreign background at Lund University. By thematic sorting of the data,

Research on the role of the Visegrád Four (V4) in the Eastern Partnership (EaP) of the European Union (EU) is somewhat limited. While such topic has gained academic attention since the V4 assessed to the EU, hardly any studies have been pursued on the outputs of cooperation projects between the V4 and EaP members. Scholars dealing with this issue disagree on the capabilities of the V4 in the EaP,

Hur får man datorer att se celler? Svaret på den frågan hade skapat ett otroligt kraftfullt verktyg för forskare, och vi försöker därför i detta arbete, genom mindre modifieringar, att förbättra dagens metoder. För att kunna se celler måste vi veta var de är någonstans, och jag menar inte på ett ungefär, utan om vi har en bild på en cell, exakt vilka pixlar tillhör cellen och vilka gör det inte?To be able to automatically segment cells in microscopic images would give biologist a new tool to gather crucial data in quantities not possible by manual work. This is however not a trivial problem and has proven to be very difficult, especially if the images are in 3D. One of the major challenges is the ability for the methods to generalize beyond the data it has previously been presented with.

One of the core purposes of the Swedish “nämndemannasystem” is to act as representatives of the public in the court systems. The representation aspect of the “nämndemannasystem” has though been declared non-existent or too weak by previous research and the general debate in society, on the ground of its pictorial composition. However, the concept of representation is not that simple as depicted by

As intelligence-led law enforcement becomes more common, criminal networks have adapted and used various methods to disrupt law enforcement’s collection of intelligence. This dynamic has led to non-state actors’ use of counterintelligence as an emerging research field as it's critical to understand how criminal organizations can try to disrupt or neutralize the intelligence cycle This study ai

Between 2014 and 2015 Sweden accepted, by its standards, an unprecedented amount of asylum seekers into the country. The total effect which that had on the country politically and socially may not be fully understood yet but it represented a shifting point in Swedish politics. The image of Sweden as open, tolerant and liberal had been challenged and the political response was a strict tightening o

The field of public diplomacy has become increasingly dependent on the general digitalization in society, and its use of social media platforms as a mean to spread their political message to the general public. Digitalization has made public diplomacy more attainable for the masses, but it has also given states a larger responsibility in which messages they want to convey to the public. This thesi

This dissertation tackles contemporary optimism regarding global income inequality trends from a critical perspective. It looks at the World Bank's influential report on global inequality from 2016, and investigates whether the World Bank's objective notion of themselves is plausible. In the context of the World Bank’s neoliberal ideological roots, the dissertation comes to the conclusion

Blockchain technologies with its promise of transparency and security have during the last decade created quite the political stir. There exists an abundance of information, hype and research regarding blockchains 'disruptive and ‘transformative’ potential concerning every industry from finance to food production. However, there is an absence of scholarly attention given to identifying and ana

The purpose of this thesis is to investigate the European Commission’s role in the ordinary legislative procedure. To do so, the thesis examines the case of the newly negotiated reform of the CAP. The Commission has for many years had legislative powers when reforming the CAP. However, since the signing of the Lisbon Treaty, the Commission has only had the formal power to initiate legislative prop

This study aims to examine how NATO-states overtly responds to cyberattacks committed by the believed Russian government sponsored hacker group Fancy Bear. After the end of the Cold War the regulation and acceptance for different kinds of covert actions changed in turn with the change in global power dynamics. The current digital environment develops new ways in which states can spy, gather inform

Få blir nog förvånade om någon hävdar att beräkningar inom partikelfysik är invecklade. Bara för att beräkna sannolikheten att den enklaste processen vi tar hänsyn till (vilket är när två elektroner krockar och studsar mot varandra) krävs det åtminstone tre-fyra sidor med ren matematik, och svårigheterna växer snabbt ju mer komplexa processer vi arbetar med. För att kunna ha teoretiska värden att The chirality-flow formalism has proven to make amplitude calculations in the Standard Model analytically simple in comparison to previously established formalisms. To test the viability of the chirality-flow formalism for numerical implementations, a Chiral Automized Flow Extension (CAFE) for MadGraph5_aMC@NLO has been developed to compare amplitude evaluation time scaling between the two. CAFE u

Massive multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) refers to a wireless access technology that equips base station (BS) with hundreds to thousands of antennas to serve tens of user equipment (UE) in the same time-frequency resource. These extensive antennas improve spectral and energy efficiency, but the detection algorithms tend to be more complex with operations, multiplications, and inversions on la