We present a dedicated beamline branch for high flux and ultra-high resolution (R>100000) gas and vapor phase studies in the vacuum-ultra-violet (VUV) region of light on the undulator beamline I3, located on the 700 MeV MAX-III storage ring. The mechanical and optical design of the branch-line, the differential pumping setup as well as performance characteristics are presented.

We describe a beamline based on a plane-grating monochromator and an end-station designed for high resolution photoemission and photoabsorption spectroscopy on surfaces and interfaces using undulator radiation in the energy range 30 1500 eV. The general design of the beamline is based on a horizontally focusing pre-mirror, an SX-700 type of plane-grating monochromator and re-focusing optics of Kir

High resolution core level photoemission is used to measure the equilibrium coverages of CO on Rh(1 1 1) at different sample temperatures and CO background pressures. Use of the chemical shifts of the C Is binding energy allows us to divide the total CO coverage into separate coverages for the different adsorption sites of CO on Rh(1 1 1). A Clausius-Clapeyron analysis of isosteres constructed fro

We report on the characteristics and first results from the soft X-ray beam line I411, based on an undulator at the third generation synchrotron facility MAX II, Sweden. The beam line is designed for high-resolution, angle-resolved electron spectroscopy on gases, liquids and solids. Main components are the modified SX700 monochromator and the end station, both of which were previously used at beam

High-resolution core-level photoemission at an energy resolution better than the intrinsic width of the C 1s level has been used to study the CO/Rh(1 1 1) overlayer system. C Is spectra have been measured in a large CO coverage range; from low coverages, where the CO molecules only adsorb in on-top positions, to saturation coverage, where CO molecules occupy both on-top and threefold hollow sites.

Strong phonon replicas in Be 1s photoemission spectra were investigated. The fine structure caused by intrinsic excitation of a narrow band of optical phonons was discussed in the 1s photoemission proces. The excitations of the optical Be phonons in the photoemission process caused fine structures. It was found that the phonon replicas in Be metal were strong due to large size misfit between neutr

High-resolution core-level photoemission with a resolution better than the intrinsic width of the C 1s level has been used to study pure and coadsorbed ethylidyne overlayers on Rh(111). Components due to excitation of the C-H stretch vibration are clearly resolved in the C 1s spectra. In addition, a component due to the C-C vibration of the ethylidyne molecules is identified. The asymmetry paramet

Despite its continued observational successes, there is a persistent (and growing) interest in extending cosmology beyond the standard model, ΛCDM. This is motivated by a range of apparently serious theoretical issues, involving such questions as the cosmological constant problem, the particle nature of dark matter, the validity of general relativity on large scales, the existence of anomalies in

We have investigated CO adsorption at 300 K on ∼ 1.5 atomic layer thick Pd films on a Mo(110) surface by high-resolution core level photoemission. We describe how high-resolution core level spectroscopy may be utilized to study the influence of laterally mobile states on the sticking probability of molecules on such a laterally heterogeneous surface. The present Pd films are laterally heterogeneou

A grazing-incidence grating spectrometer has been used for the investigation of the undulator radiation from beamline 411 at MAX-lab. The direct detection of undulator light is expected to obtain the information of the quality of the undulator. Regular undulator radiation and some higher harmonics were observed. The effects of electronic beam coupling and Landau cavities have been studied. The exp

The design of a versatile high-precision eight-axis ultrahigh-vacuum-compatible polarimeter is presented. This multipurpose instrument can be used as a self-calibrating polarization detector for linearly and circularly polarized UV and soft-x-ray light. It can also be used for the characterization of reflection or transmission properties (reflectometer) or polarizing and phase-retarding properties

High-resolution core-level spectroscopy is used in combination with low-energy electron diffraction (LEED) and photoelectron diffraction to identify the adsorption sites for three different coadsorbed phases consisting of ordered overlayers of oxygen coadsorbed with CO on the Rh(111) single-crystal surface. The three ordered overlayer structures, which may be denoted as 2O + CO/Rh(111), O + CO/Rh(

We report on the build-up of the new undulator beam line 1411 at the third-generation synchrotron radiation facility MAX II in Lund, Sweden. This beam line is based on an upgraded version of the modified SX700-monochromator and the end station which were installed previously at beam line 51 at MAX I. The end station is equipped with a rotatable Scienta hemispherical electron-analyser making angle-

The new undulator beamline 1511 at MAX-lab, now under commissioning, has been optimized for X-ray emission and photoelectron spectroscopies. Using an SX-700 high flux monochromator the accessible photon energy range is from 90 eV to about 1500 eV. The performance of the undulator agrees very well with the specifications, as shown by measurements using a photodiode. The energy resolution of the mon

The C 1s photoemission spectrum of methoxy (CH3O) chemisorbed on Cu(100) is demonstrated to contain a resolvable fine structure due to excitation of the molecular C-H normal vibrational mode. The origin of the fine structure is ascertained by substituting hydrogen with deuterium in the methoxy overlayers and by comparison to gas-phase C 1s spectra for methanol (CH3OH). The vibrational fine structu

High-resolution core-level photoemission is used to study structural aspects for the molecular adsorption of CO on the Rh(111) single-crystal surface, and in particular to derive the adsorption sites. The site sensitivity of the core-level binding energy and the fact that the core level photoemission signal is proportional to the adsorbate coverage make it possible to study quantitatively how the

The influence of preadsorbed oxygen on the CO adsorption properties of a laterally heterogeneous bimetallic surface consisting of Pd islands on Rh(111) at a Pd coverage of 0.5 monolayers has been studied by high resolution core level photoemission. A surface consisting of clean Pd islands surrounded by oxygen-covered Rh(111) patches was prepared by predosing oxygen at room temperature. By applying

The adsorption sites of coadsorbed K and CO on the Rh(111) surface have been determined using high-resolution core-level spectroscopy, low-energy electron diffraction and site-resolved photoelectron diffraction. For both a (2 × 2)-2CO-1K and a (2√3 × 2√3)-6CO-1K structure, we find that the CO molecules occupy threefold hollow sites and the K atoms on-top sites, contrary to the adsorption sites of

Accurate measurement of people’s movement patterns during evacuation requires appropriate data collection methods. This study examines three different methods, namely cameras placed above the crowd, triangulation using two cameras and distance measurements with laser scanners. Experiments were performed both in the laboratory and the field in order to evaluate the different methods. The results su