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It is uncertain whether the incidence of stroke is increased in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), and whether COPD is associated with all subtypes of stroke (i.e. ischemic stroke, intracerebral haemorrhage and subarachnoid haemorrhage). We evaluated the association between COPD and incidence of stroke in a nation-wide cohort study. All individuals between 40 and 84 years
In terms of genome size, the hepatitis B virus is the smallest virus known to infect humans and its compactness with multiple overlapping reading frames puts restraints on the emergence of mutations. In the papers included in this thesis we aimed to investigate genetic variation within the precore and core promoter region and to describe the origin, spread and diversification of HBV genotype A. We
Människans vilja att förstå universums mest fundamentala byggstenar och dess naturlagar är den drivkraft som ligger till grund för elementarpartikelfysiken. Den teoretiska forskningen inom detta område vägleds idag till stor del av data från LHC-experimentet utanför Genève (LHC förkortar `Large Hadron Collider', dvs.~den Stora Hadronacceleratorn). Vid LHC accelereras protoner till extremt höga hasThe four articles contained in this thesis all concern aspects of model building beyond the Standard Model (BSM). While Paper I mainly serves as a ``tool paper'' in which the results can be used to simplify certain calculations of one-loop effects from new heavy particles, Paper II--IV all deal with consequences of family symmetries in several BSM scenarios. Paper I. We derive expressions for any
BACKGROUND: Identification of risk factors for rapid joint destruction in early rheumatoid arthritis (RA) can be helpful for optimizing treatment, and improving our understanding of destructive arthritis and its mechanisms. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between early RA patient characteristics and subsequent rapid radiographic progression (RRP).METHODS: An incepti
As the knowledge about anthropogenic impacts of climate change has grown, the awareness of the contributions from treatment of wastewater has widened the scope for wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs). Not only shall ever stricter effluent constraints be met, but also energy efficiency be increased, greenhouse gases mitigated and resources recovered. All under a constant pressure on costs. The main
Increased production and consumption of local food may reduce the negative environmental, social, and economic impacts of industrialized and globalized food production. Here we examined potential barriers to increasing production and consumption of food produced in Iceland. First, we developed a new framework to address the behaviors of production and consumption simultaneously, to comprehensively
Background: The WHO and the World Bank ask countries to report the national volume of surgery. This report describes these data for Sweden, a high-income country. Methods: In an 8-year population-based observational cohort study, all inpatient and outpatient care in the public and private sectors was detected in the Swedish National Patient Register and screened for the occurrence of surgery. The
Local governments’ limited mandate and capacity to adequately deal with increasing climate risk and impacts means that citizen engagement is becoming increasingly important for adapting to hazards such as floods and storms. Stronger collaborative approaches are urgently needed. At the same time, there is little research and hardly any empirical evidence on what inspires adaptation engagement in di
BACKGROUND: About 13-26% of all acute ischaemic strokes are related to non-valvular atrial fibrillation, the most common cardiac arrhythmia globally. Deciding when to initiate oral anticoagulation in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation is a longstanding, common, and unresolved clinical challenge. Although the risk of early recurrent ischaemic stroke is high in this population, early ora
Popular Abstract in Swedish Robotar är maskiner som rör sig efter hur man programmerar dem. I industriellt bruk monteras ofta ett verktyg på roboten så att den kan svetsa, gripa, slipa, borra eller göra andra saker. Det som gör roboten bra på detta är att den kan upprepa robot-programmet flera gånger när det har blivit skrivet. Detta gör att man kan programmera roboten en gång för en arbetsuppgiftAdvanced manufacturing technologies and programmable machines such as industrial robots are used to increase productivity and quality for competitiveness on a global market. Development of increasingly flexible manufacturing systems has resulted in an increasing importance of software aspects, both on a system level and for efficient interaction with human operators. Trends toward providing custom
Avian Influenza Viruses (AIVs) infect many mammals, including humans1. These AIVs are diverse in their natural hosts, harboring almost all possible viral subtypes2. Human pandemics of flu originally stem from AIVs3. Many fatal human cases during the H5N1 outbreaks in recent years were reported. Lately, a new AIV related strain swept through the human population, causing the 'swine flu epidemic'4.
Simultaneously planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) measurements of OH, CH, CH2O and toluene are carried out to investigate the structures of turbulent premixed methane/air jet flames in the flamelet regime and the thin-reaction zones regime. A premixed flame jet burner of an inner diameter of 1.5 mm is employed. Stoichiometric methane/air mixtures introduced as a jet are ignited and stabilize
On Earth, the deep subsurface biosphere of both the oceanic and the continental crust is well known for surviving harsh conditions and environments characterized by high temperatures, high pressures, extreme pHs, and the absence of sunlight. The microorganisms of the terrestrial deep biosphere have an excellent capacity for adapting to changing geochemistry, as the alteration of the crust proceeds
Popular Abstract in Swedish För att få en uppfattning om hur framtida miljöförändringar kommer att påverkar vårt samhälle är det viktigt att studera eventuella samband mellan migration, samhälle och miljö. Klimatförändringar väntas inom en snar framtid leda till stora befolkningsförflyttningar till följd av exempelvis ökad stormfrekvens, torka, havsnivåhöjning och vattenbrist. Migration kan å andrThe link between population mobility and environmental change is fundamental for our understanding of how future global environmental changes will affect our societies, and also how the increased mobility will change our role in the Earth system. Climate change has been predicted as a major cause of human migration, both voluntary and forced, through for example increased storm and drought frequen
I have briefly outlined different levels of scale in the discussion of centre–periphery, from a local to a more global perspective. I have tried to show that the concepts of centre and periphery cannot be applied without qualification. Different realities are concealed behind them. The common factor is nevertheless that they signal some kind of contacts, in the form of giving and taking, of power,
Popular Abstract in Swedish Strålbehandling är en av de vanligaste behandlingarna mot cancer. Hälften av alla behandlingar syftar till att bota patienten från sjukdomen, men strålbehandling är även en mycket effektiv behandling för att lindra smärta och andra symptom för patienter med en obotlig cancer. Förberedelse inför strålbehandling är en komplicerad procedur, som innefattar många olika teknPreparation for radiotherapy is a complex procedure that involves many different technologies and groups of professionals. The rapid development and introduction of new technologies throughout the last decade have made it possible to deliver highly conformal, individually-shaped dose distributions with high accuracy. However, there is widespread concern that current quality assurance practices hav
