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Inference of CO2 surface fluxes using atmospheric CO2 observations in atmospheric inversions depends critically on accurate representation of atmospheric transport. Here we characterize regional-scale CO2 transport uncertainties due to uncertainties in meteorological fields using a mesoscale atmospheric model and an ensemble of simulations with flow-dependent transport errors. During a 1-month sum
This study systematically examines the regional uncertainties and biases in carbon dioxide (CO2) mole fractions from two of the state-of-the-art global CO2 analysis products, namely, the Copernicus Atmosphere Monitoring Service (CAMS) real-time atmospheric analysis from the European Centre for Medium-Range Weather Forecasts (ECMWF) and the CarbonTracker Near-Real-Time (CT-NRT) reanalysis from the
Thermodynamic uncertainty relations quantify how the signal-to-noise ratio of a given observable is constrained by dissipation. Fluctuation relations generalize the second law of thermodynamics to stochastic processes. We show that any fluctuation relation directly implies a thermodynamic uncertainty relation, considerably increasing their range of applicability. In particular, we extend thermodyn
The non-equilibrium dynamics of electrons and nuclei govern the function of photoactive materials. Disentangling these dynamics remains a critical goal for understanding photoactive materials. Here we investigate the photoinduced dynamics of the [Fe(bmip)2]2+ photosensitizer, where bmip = 2,6-bis(3-methyl-imidazole-1-ylidine)-pyridine, with simultaneous femtosecond-resolution Fe Kα and Kβ X-ray em
Context. Measurements of the occultation of an exoplanet at visible wavelengths allow us to determine the reflective properties of a planetary atmosphere. The observed occultation depth can be translated into a geometric albedo. This in turn aids in characterising the structure and composition of an atmosphere by providing additional information on the wavelength-dependent reflective qualities of
We report the discovery of a third planet transiting the star TOI-1260, previously known to host two transiting sub-Neptune planets with orbital periods of 3.127 and 7.493 d, respectively. The nature of the third transiting planet with a 16.6-d orbit is supported by ground-based follow-up observations, including time-series photometry, high-angular resolution images, spectroscopy, and archival ima
Solutions of macromolecules exhibit viscoelastic properties and unlike Newtonian fluids, they may break time-reversal symmetry at low Reynolds numbers resulting in elastic turbulence. Furthermore, under some conditions, instead of the chaotic turbulence, the result is large-scale waves in the form of cyclic spatial and temporal concentration variations, as has been shown for macromolecular DNA flo
Actual evapotranspiration (ETa) plays a crucial role in the water and energy cycles of the earth. An accurate estimate of the ETa is essential for management of the water resources, agriculture, and irrigation, as well as research on atmospheric variations. Despite the importance of accurate ETa values, estimating and mapping them remains challenging due to the physical and biological complexity o
A distinctive representation of image patches in form of features is a key component of many computer vision and robotics tasks, such as image matching, image retrieval, and visual localization. State-of-the-art descriptors, from hand-crafted descriptors such as SIFT to learned ones such as HardNet, are usually high-dimensional; 128 dimensions or even more. The higher the dimensionality, the large
Coherence estimation between speech envelope and electroencephalography (EEG) is a proven method in neural speech tracking. This paper proposes an improved coherence estimation algorithm which utilises phase sensitive multitaper cross-spectral estimation. Estimated EEG coherence differences between attended and ignored speech envelopes for a hearing impaired (HI) population are evaluated and compa
We evaluate the shared genetic regulation of mRNA molecules, proteins and metabolites derived from whole blood from 3029 human donors. We find abundant allelic heterogeneity, where multiple variants regulate a particular molecular phenotype, and pleiotropy, where a single variant associates with multiple molecular phenotypes over multiple genomic regions. The highest proportion of share genetic re
BACKGROUND AND AIM: Cigarette smoking is the most common cause of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) but more mechanistic studies are needed. Cigarette smoke extract (CSE) can elicit a strong response in many COPD-related cell types, but no studies have been performed in lung fibroblasts. Therefore, we aimed to investigate the effect of CSE on gene expression in lung fibroblasts from hea
Volume loading of the right ventricle (RV) in patients with atrial septal defect (ASD) and patients with repaired Tetralogy of Fallot (rToF) affects the pumping mechanics of the left ventricle (LV). Intervention of the lesion will relieve the RV volume load however quantifiable impact on exercise capacity, arrhytmias or death are limited. A possible explanation could be remaining effects on the fu
Introduction: Educational attainment, widely used in epidemiologic studies as a surrogate for socioeconomic status, is a predictor of cardiovascular health outcomes. Methods: A two-stage genome-wide meta-analysis of low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), and triglyceride (TG) levels was performed while accounting for gene-educational attainment inter
To understand, predict and mitigate climate change, it is crucial to have long-term and standardised measurements of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere and their fluxes between atmosphere, land and oceans. The Integrated Carbon Observation System, is a distributed European Research Infrastructure which provides high-precision and highly standardised observations from more than 170 sta
The Concordance Index (C-index) is a commonly used metric in Survival Analysis for evaluating the performance of a prediction model. In this paper, we propose a decomposition of the C-index into a weighted harmonic mean of two quantities: one for ranking observed events versus other observed events, and the other for ranking observed events versus censored cases. This decomposition enables a finer
The microphysical quasi-equilibrium in an ascending adiabatic parcel is elucidated by an analytical theory in 0D with drastic simplifications. The theory predicts how in-cloud activation is most likely to be triggered by the onset of precipitation during sufficient ascent, with the ascent only needing to approach almost twice the cloud-base updraft speed aloft. The precipitation and cloud condensa
This article briefly discusses the notion of input in a study abroad perspective, situating it against how input is treated in second language acquisition (SLA) more broadly, with a focus on methodological issues, operationalizations, and measurements. It further introduces three studies that examine input as studied in ‘the real wild’, and two studies that instead focus on ‘the digital wild’.
Due to its range-dependent target response, frequency diverse array multiple-input multiple-output (FDA-MIMO) radar systems enable superior detection capabilities as compared with conventional phased-array radars. This paper proposes an incoherent detector for airborne FDA-MIMO radar to detect independent but possibly non-identically distributed fluctuating targets. For FDA-MIMO, variations in the
A major challenge of genome-wide association studies (GWASs) is to translate phenotypic associations into biological insights. Here, we integrate a large GWAS on blood lipids involving 1.6 million individuals from five ancestries with a wide array of functional genomic datasets to discover regulatory mechanisms underlying lipid associations. We first prioritize lipid-associated genes with expressi
