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I denna uppsats undersöks begreppet tjänst och vad som utgör en tjänst tillhörande informationssamhället samt en tjänst på transportområdet. Utredningen görs med anledning av att en spansk domare fattat beslut om att inhämta ett förhandsavgörande där EU-domstolen ska undersöka huruvida tjänsten Uber utgör en tjänst tillhörande informationssamhället eller istället utgör ren transportverksamhet. FThe main purpose of this thesis is to examine the notion of services and consider what constitutes an information society service and a service in the transport sector. In a preliminary ruling, yet to be decided by the European Court of Justice, a Spanish judge has recently queried whether the service provided by Uber should be considered an “information society service” or merely a transport serv

Neural oscillatory activity represented in the time-frequency (TF) domain is believed to reflect cognitive mechanisms underlying episodic memory encoding and retrieval. Research has shown that encoding and retrieval processes are likely modulated by emotional valence. This study investigates how successful associative memory encoding and retrieval of content varying in valence (positive, negative,

Ultrashort laser pulses play an important role in many applications in science and technology, from attosecond science to time resolved spectroscopy and material processing. For applications of ultrashort laser pulses, it requires a complete characterization of the electric field of the pulse, which includes both phase and amplitude of the electric field. The characterization of ultrashort laser p

This thesis examines how criminal liability for complicity should be under-stood and defined in relation to the crime of honor-based oppression under Chapter 4, Section 4e of the Swedish Penal Code. It analyzes situations in which multiple individuals participate in different aspects of the criminal conduct that constitute the composite crime of honor-based oppression. The focus is primarily on is

Piratverksamhet är inte speciellt uppmärksammat i västvärlden – media lyfter inte upp det och det är heller inte en speciellt prioriterad punkt på politikernas agenda. Det betyder dock inte att det inte är ett stort problem. Det påverkar många, både känslomässigt och ekonomiskt, på en individnivå men också på en nationell, regional och global nivå. Problemet är komplext och har en lång historia,Piracy is not given very much attention in the western part of the world – there is not many news about it in the medias, and it is not very high prioritized on the politicians’ agenda. However, this does not indicate that it is not a problem. Piracy affects many people, at an individual level as well as at a national, regional and global level. The problem is complex and has long history, not le

The board of directors is subordinated to the shareholders’ meeting as a result of limited liability company’s having a hierarchical organisational structure. This hierarchical organisational structure in combination with the provisions in Chapter 8 Section 41 second paragraph in the Swedish Company Act (“SCA”) e contrario means that the board of directors has a duty of obedience to resolutions by

Age is one of our seven grounds of discrimination and the one that causes the most people to feel discriminated. In addition, it is a basis to which there are numerous of statutory exceptions which, despite the Discrimination Act, allow employers to disadvantage or discriminate people because of their age. The purpose of this essay was to investigate why and when it is permitted to make exceptions

Miljö-och klimatfrågan är vår tids viktigaste fråga och bygg- och fastighetsbranschen står för en väsentlig del av klimatutsläppen. Det ställer krav på omställning och för att påskynda detta behövs innovationer inom digitaliseringsområdet. För att nå hållbar tillväxt krävs styrning av kapitalflöden till hållbara investeringar (EU, 2020). Sedan 1 januari 2022 började EU:s gröna taxonomiförordning aThe environmental and climate issue is the most important issue of our time. Even though there are many factors affecting this issue, it is apparent that the construction and property industry accounts for a significant part of the climate emissions. This calls for a change, and to speed this up, innovations are needed in the field of digitalization. To achieve sustainable growth, management of ca

In order to improve the accessibility and reduce the vulnerability of the transport system in Stockholm, the Swedish Transport Administration is building the bypass E4 Förbifart Stockholm (Stockholm Bypass). Most of the road will be located in tunnels. Groundwater leakage through the tunnel walls, bottom and roof is more or less inevitable, and if the leakage becomes too great it can cause disturb

På grund av den ökade miljö- och klimatmedvetenheten har övergången till förnybara material påskyndats, och detsamma gäller intresset för träbyggande. Med att bygga högt i trä kommer dock ett flertal konstruktionsmässiga utmaningar, där en av utmaningarna är dynamik på grund av träets låga egenvikt jämfört med andra mer konventionella byggnadsmaterial. Vissa av dessa utmaningar kan avhjälpas med iDue to the increasing environmental awareness, the transition pace to renewable materials has increased, and the use of timber in construction is no exception. However, using timber in high rise building applications comes with structural challenges, e.g dynamic issues originating from timber being lightweight compared to conventional building materials. Some of the structural challenges with timb

Kosovo, the world’s 193rd country, will be the sixth state carved from the former Serbian-dominated Yugoslav federation since 1991, after Slovenia, Croatia, Macedonia, Bosnia and Montenegro, which became the world’s newest state in 2006. Kosovo’s statehood is, however, still disputed. The question if Kosovo is a subject that has a right to external self-determination and therby hold international

Populärvetenskaplig samanfattning: Vid en palynologisk undersökning studeras syraresistenta mikrofossil, såsom pollen, sporer och vissa marina mikroplankton. Dessa används främst för att datera sedimentära bergarter men man kan även använda dem för att tolka miljö, vegetation och klimat under olika tidsavsnitt i jordens historia. Pollen och sporer är mycket beständiga mikrofossil och finns i lagerA palynostratigraphic investigation of partly ammonite dated, Pliensbachian to Bathonian (Early – Middle Jurassic) strata on the Isles of Skye and Raasay, Inner Hebrides in Northwest Scotland, has recovered a diverse but not always well preserved miospore flora and a less diverse dinoflagellate cysts flora. The studied interval has been subdivided into five biozones, A - E, based on the first occu

Online market makers bring together two or more distinct different parties to interact and transact with each other. By doing this, they either reduce search costs, shared transaction costs, or both. Reducing search costs reduces asymmetric information among users and makes sampling of candidates easier. Reducing shared transaction costs means making the transaction more flexible, less costly, and