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The production of ethanol from second-generation feedstock like lignocellulose is limited by efficient growth of Saccharomyces cerevisiae on xylose. One of the reasons for that might be a lower ATP formation vs. proton formation flux in cells using the xylose reductase (XR)/xylose dehydrogenase (XDH) pathway compared to glucose as ideal substrate. The therefore reduced availability of ATP, as ATP
