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General issues Basic features The International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR) was adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 1966, and, after the required number of ratifications, it entered into force on 23 March 1976. To a large extent the Covenant, together with the simultaneously adopted International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, codifies in the for
This book explores the practice of Nature-Based Solutions (NBS) in the cities of the Global South. NBS are recognized as a key strategy for achieving sustainable development, and they are being implemented in a variety of sectors such as urban planning, agriculture, forestry, and water management. They offer a wide range of benefits, but there is a gap between research and practice across cities f
Introduction. The European Convention on Human Rights is but one of many human rights treaties binding upon European states. In particular at the level of the United Nations, numerous – general and specific – human rights treaties have been adopted, to which most Council of Europe member states adhere. This chapter examines how far the scopes of human rights at the UN and the Council of Europe lev
Procedurally, individuals do not have access to the Court, or standing before the ICJ. Pursuant to the relevant articles 34.1 and 65 of the ICJ Statute individuals cannot be parties in contentious cases or in advisory opinions respectively. Individuals can be heard as witnesses and experts but this does not transform the persons in question to parties. However the individual is not completely igno
Introduction Freedom’s just another word for nothing left to lose… Kris Kristofferson Whereas thecurrent debate on holding States accountable for extraterritorial human rights violations tends to focus on ‘jurisdiction’ or related concepts (such as ‘effective control’), the analogous public international law discourse on State responsibility appears to take a different path, managing to cope witho
Beyond Westphalia Human rights are often framed within a territorial perspective. The phrase can easily conjure up images of citizens struggling for their rights with their own governments rather than with distant foreign governments. The idea of human rights gained prominence in the wake of the establishment of a Westphalian world order of 1648, with territorially distinct States exercising sover
This article provides a critical view of Judgment No. 238 of 2014 handed down by the Italian Constitutional Court. By and large the comments presented below pertain to the single issue of the relationship between different legal orders - between the legal orders of two states, or between the legal order of one state and the legal order of international law. The following comments are based on a po
What the world has seen since the atrocious terrorist attacks of 11 September 2001, and the counter-terrorism measures states have taken by way of their response, can be characterised as the worst-ever backlash against the promotion and protection of human rights since their post-Second World War emergence in the UN Charter (1945) and the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR, 1948). In this
