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Diffusion is a molecular phenomenon and can be described as the process by which matter is transported from one part of a system to another as a result of random molecular motion. The diffusion coefficient is then a quantity that describes the mobility of the molecules in a media. In recent years, methods have been developed to image the diffusion of water in human tissue using magnetic resonance
BACKGROUND: Polymorphisms of the vitamin D receptor (VDR) gene have been implicated in the genetic regulation of bone mineral density (BMD). However, the clinical impact of these variants remains unclear.OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the relation between VDR polymorphisms, BMD, and fractures.DESIGN: Prospective multicenter large-scale association study.SETTING: The Genetic Markers for Osteoporosis consor
Syftet med uppsatsen har varit att jämföra tredjelandsmedborgares, icke-europeiska medborgares, möjlighet till familjeåterförening i Sverige och i Danmark. Uppsatsen redogör därför för ländernas regleringar, hur länderna uppfyller sina internationella åtaganden och hur reglerna tillämpas i praktiken. Uppsatsen är avgränsad till kärnfamiljens möjlighet till familjeåterförening, vilket avser makar, The purpose of this essay has been to compare third-country nationals´, non-EU nationals´, possibility of family reunion in Sweden and in Denmark. The essay therefore describes regulations in the respective countries, how the countries fulfil their international commitments and how the rules apply. The essay is limited to the nuclear families right to family reunion, meaning married and unmarried
Syftet med uppsatsen är att undersöka vilka rättigheter en konsument har vid inköp av digitala produkter online och hur rättsläget ser ut på området inom EU och USA. Borde inte en konsument som handlar online få sälja vidare sina lagligt inhandlade digitala produkter på samma sätt som om hen köpt samma produkt i ett fysisk fodral? Det är egentligen först under de allra senaste åren denna fråga har
The thesis started 15th January in 2013 at Tetra Pak Packaging Solutions AB in Lund. Milk is a product that is particularly sensitive to light. In order to protect milk from light, its package can have aluminium foil. The laminated aluminium foil provides an excellent light barrier but is expensive and not a renewable material. To be able to remove the aluminium foil and not lose too much of the p
Den svenska staten bedriver affärsverksamhet via ett femtiotal företag av vilka staten äger minst 50% av företaget i 43 av fallen. År 2007 antog den svenska regeringen en rad nya riktlinjer gällande hållbarhetsrapportering för dessa företag. Dessa nya riktlinjer skulle tas i bruk från och med räkenskapsåret 2008. Hållbarhetsrapporteringen, dvs. den icke finansiella rapporteringen av dessa svenska In 2007 the Swedish government adopted a set of guidelines mandating all Swedish state-owned companies to conduct a non financial report i.e. a sustainability report that is to be independently verified. The sustainability report is to be in line with the internationally recognized Global Reporting Initiative framework (G3), a framework of guidelines for how to conduct sustainability reports. The
Syfte: Att genomföra en analys avseende den förmodade avregleringen för tillhandahållandet av lokal flygtrafiktjänst, samt de förändrade förutsättningarna denna avreglering innebär för nuvarande monopolisten, LFV/ATA. Metod: Studien har sin utgångspunkt i den kvalitativa forskningsansatsen. Inom ramarna för denna ansats har semistrukturerade intervjuer utformats vilket utgör vårt empiriska materia
Starting from the premise that English negative modal contractions constitute partly variable patterns of associations that include both the preceding subject and the following verb infinitive, the study sets out to investigate distributional differences between can’t, shouldn’t, and won’t and their corresponding uncontracted parent forms. Given that some configurations are assumed to correlate wiStarting from the premise that English negative modal contractions constitute partly variable patterns of associations that include both the preceding subject and the following verb infinitive, the study sets out to investigate distributional differences between can’t, shouldn’t, and won’t and their corresponding uncontracted parent forms. Given that some configurations are assumed to correlate wi
Popular Abstract in Swedish Isocyanater kan orsaka arbetsrelaterad astma, rinit och ¨allergisk¨ lunginflammation. De mekanismer som ligger bakom initieringen av dessa tillstånd och relationerna mellan exponering och effekt är dock otillräckligt kända. Det vore värdefullt att kunna mäta exponering och risk med biologiska metoder. En patient, exponerad för upphettad polyuretan, hade metaboliter av 4Isocyanates may cause occupational asthma, rhinitis, and hypersensitivity pneumonitis. However, the mechanisms behind initiation of the disorders and the relations between exposure and effect are insufficiently elucidated. Means to biomonitor exposure and risk would be valuable. A case, exposed to heated polyurethane, displayed metabolites of 4,4'-dipheylmethane diisocyanate in blood and urine, an
Bildning som betydelsefull del i lärandet är inte alltid priorierat i utbildingssammanhang. Informellt och icke-formellt lärande erkänns sällan som något som bidrar till kunskap och färdigheter, inte ens av individerna själva. Öppna sociala nätverk skapar stora möjligheter för en ny syn på bildning och tillvaratagande av den enskildes engagemang, motivation, intresse och valmöjligheter. Förändrade
This letter presents measurement results for a low supply voltage 28 GHz beam steering PLL, designed in a SiGe bipolar process with fT=200 GHz. The PLL, designed around a QVCO, is intended for a beam steering 81-86 GHz E-band transmitter. Linear phase control is implemented by variable current injection into a Gilbert type phase detector, with a measured nominal phase control sensitivity of 2.5 °/
We performed a multistage genome-wide association study of melanoma. In a discovery cohort of 1804 melanoma cases and 1026 controls, we identified loci at chromosomes 15q13.1 (HERC2/OCA2 region) and 16q24.3 (MC1R) regions that reached genome-wide significance within this study and also found strong evidence for genetic effects on susceptibility to melanoma from markers on chromosome 9p21.3 in the
Klimatsystemet påverkas av diverse externa faktorer (vulkanism, solaktivitet och förändringar i växthusgaskoncentration) och dess eget interna klimatvariabilitet. När man utvärderar orsakerna till tidigare klimatförändringar är det viktigt att öka vår kunskap om påverkan från externa faktorer samt förstå sambandet mellan de större interna faktorer som styr klimatet för att kunna förutsäga framtidaThe climate system is influenced by various external forcings (e.g. volcanic forcing, solar forcing and change of greenhouse gas concentrations) and its own internal climate variability. While evaluating the causes of past climate change is important to expand our knowledge of the impacts of different external forcings, understanding the coupling between major internal climate drivers is crucial f
To improve, it’s crucial to see! Vital characteristics of Lean are visualisation and transparency, i.e. allowing everyone to see all what occurs in production. A common tool for this purpose is Value Stream Mapping (VSM). Due to varying flows, performing a successful VSM in construction confers additional challenges. In this paper, lessons learned from successful VSM studies in construction are pr
The main objective of this paper is to examine how exogenous technological progress, in terms of an increase in energy efficiency, affects consumption choice by Swedish households and thereby emissions of carbon dioxide (CO2), sulphur dioxide (SO2) and nitrogen oxide (NOx). The aim of the paper is closely related to the discussion of what is termed the “rebound effect”. To neutralise the rebound e
This paper explores the changing meanings and understandings of the concept of care in parenting support policies in Sweden since the 1990s. Caring responsibilities and practices has historically been framed and negotiated within general family policy reforms, comprising universal child allowances and generous parental leave schemes combined with publicly funded childcare, in turn closely related Åsa LundqvistProfessor in SociologyDepartment of SociologyLund UniversitySwedenAsa.Lundqvist@soc.lu.seAbstractCapable to Care? Parenting Support Policies and the Changing Concept of Care This paper explores the changing meanings and understandings of the concept of care in parenting support policies in Sweden since the 1990s. Caring responsibilities and practices has historically been framed and n
The paper investigates possible effects of cross-linguistic variation on measures of syntactic complexity in 60 texts from learners of L2 English, L3 French and L4 Italian at CEFR level A and CEFR level B. A previous study by Gyllstad et al. (2014) showed significant differences between proficiency levels for two length measures of complexity in English and French, but not in Italian. In this papeThe paper investigates possible effects of cross‐linguistic variation on measures of syntactic complexity in 60 texts from Swedish L1 learners of English, French and Italian as foreign languages at CEFR level A and CEFR level B. A previous study on the same learners and texts, showed significant differences between proficiency levels for two length measures of complexity in English and French, but
Svensk rätt är unik på det sättet att det är en av få rättsordningar som i dagsläget saknar ett krav på tillräknelighet. Detta har medfört att en specifik grupp av lagöverträdare, de tillfälligt sinnesförvirrade, hamnat i ett osäkert rättsläge. Uppsatsen inleds med en historisk tillbakablick, där bland annat strafflagens äldre bestämmelser samt begreppet tillfällig sinnesförvirring behandlas. DäreSweden is one of the few countries in the world that lacks a requirement of accountability, beacuse of this the legal position for a specific group of offenders, the ”temporarily insane or mentally confused”, has been left unregulated. The essay begins with a historical background where for instance the older regulations of The Swedish Penal Code of 1864 and the concept of the term ”temporarily in
Från år 2021 ska alla nybyggnationer i Europa vara nära-nollenergibyggnader. Detta innebär att byggnaders energianvändning bör vara låg och i mycket hög grad tillförs i form från förnybara energikällor som produceras på plats eller i närheten. Syftet med de höga energikraven är att påskynda takten för att skapa ett mer energieffektivt byggande. Den minskade energianvändningen tillsam-mans med en öFrom year 2021, all new buildings in Europe will be net zero-energy buildings. This means that the building's energy is supplied from renewable energy sources that are produced on site or nearby. The purpose of the high energy requirements is to accelerate the pace of creating more energy-efficient constructions. The reduced energy consumption, together with increased use of renewable energy,
