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We show that the common claim that internal validity should be understood as prior to external validity has, at least, three epistemologically problematic aspects: experimental artefacts, the implications of causal relations, and how the mechanism is measured. Each aspect demonstrates how important external validity is for the internal validity of the experimental result.

Heat Transfer topics are commonly of a very complex nature. Often different mechanisms like heat conduction, convection, thermal radiation, and non-linear phenomena, such as temperature-dependent thermophysical properties, and phase changes occur simultaneously. New developments in numerical solution methods of partial differential equations and access to high-speed, efficient and cheap computers

This chapter addresses different aspects of the relationship between pretend play and creativity. The first part consists of a critical discussion of definitions of creativity and attempts to apply them to dif-ferent kinds of pretend play, which demonstrates how often definitions of creativity are best applied to adult creativity, despite the fact that many people—at least, laypeople—hold the view

Popular Abstract in Swedish Blodbildande stamceller förekommer i mänsklig benmärg i en frekvens på ca 1/100 000 celler. Med hjälp av cellytemarkörer, t.ex. CD34, kan man rena fram cellpopulationer som är anrikade på stamceller, men det saknas exakt kunskap om hur enskilda stamceller ser ut. De blodbildande stamcellerna har förmåga att vid celldelning antingen förnya sig själva eller att mogna ut. Hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) have the capacity to maintain hematopoiesis throughout life. HSCs are ideal targets for permanent gene transfer, as the transgene will be expressed in all the progeny of the gene-modified stem cells. The aim of this thesis was to optimize conditions for retroviral gene transfer to human candidate HSCs and to study mechanisms interfering with efficient gene transfer.

Abstract in German Der Esssay behandelt Fakten und Phantasien und lässt dabei die Linien zwischen beiden Genres ineinander laufen - so wie historische Romane, Dramen und Opern tatsächlich arbeiten. Die Motive sind unterschiedlich, dienen aber meist einer interpretativen Verdeutlichung zum besseren Verständnis einer aktuellen Problemkonstellation. Mitunter werden aber auch Dramen oder Opern - nicht

I denna bok utforskas den rättsliga hanteringen av duellbrott som ärekränkningar och dueller med dödlig utgång under stormaktsväldets slutskede. Med inspiration från New Cultural History och teorier om manlighet och våld analyseras lagtexter, rättsfall, prästers och rättslärdas skrifter samt anklagade duellanters brev och nådeansökningar. Studien fokuserar på hur den rättsliga diskursen kring duelThis dissertation examines duelling crimes in Sweden during the first half of the 18th century. During this period such crimes could involve verbal insults concerning honour as well as duelling, resulting in death. Inspired by the methods and perspectives of New Cultural History and by theories of masculinity the study argues that masculine violence is a cultural category that is historically deve

The purpose of this paper is to provide an ex-post evaluation of the effectiveness of the South Korean Green New Deal (GND) as an instrument to deliver both an economic recovery and improved environmental performance. We use the energy sector as the main scope for our analysis when measured against climate-related indicators (e.g. CO2 emissions, energy intensity, share of renewable energy in suppl

Increased productivity is of societal good and efforts to achieve this should be a relevant task for all businesses. However, the concept of productivity is not clear as to what is to be measured. This becomes a problem especially when statements are made that the development of productivity in the construction industry is not as good as other sectors of industry. It is not clear if this compariso

In the study presented in this paper, the effect of different vehicle driving cycles on the pneumatic hybrid has been investigated. The pneumatic hybrid powertrain has been modeled in UT-Power and validated against experimental data. The GT-Power engine model has been linked with a MATLAB/simulink vehicle model. The engine in question is a single-cylinder Scania D12 diesel engine, which has been c

Popular Abstract in Swedish Avhandlingen behandlar metoder för att kunna beräkna den last en struktur kan bära. En struktur kan i detta sammanhang vara allt från en bro till en mjölkkartong. För att kunna göra en korrekt bedömning av den lastbärande förmågan måste hänsyn tas till olinjära effekter som härrör från stora deformationer. Sådana olinjära effekter kan orsaka instabilt beteende hos en stIn this thesis, methods to determine the static postbuckling behaviour of elastic structures undergoing large deformations, are considered and developed. Since the governing non-linear equations usually becomes too complex to be handled analytically, the main focus has been on developing methods that can be incorporated into a numerical solution scheme, such as the finite element method. First me