Forward osmosis, reverse electrodialysis and membrane distillation : New integration options in pretreatment and post-treatment membrane desalination process
Integration of emerging membrane processes [i.e., forward osmosis (FO), membrane distillation (MD), reverse electrodialysis (RED)] and mature membrane processes [i.e., reverse osmosis (RO)] can address the need for efficient desalination solutions. Utilization of different membrane units in pre- and post-treatment stages allows lowering the energy requirements and environmental impacts of the proc