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Biological phosphorus removal in cold-climate regions is historically challenged by suppressed kinetic rates and severe biomass washout during spring snowmelt events. This study evaluates the performance, resilience, and kinetic limitations of a pilot-scale Sequencing Batch Moving Bed Biofilm Reactor (SB-MBBR) for Enhanced Biological Phosphorus Removal (EBPR) un-der low temperatures (8.3–9.6°C) at
