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We examined the minimum extent of dependency of UK patient organisations on pharmaceutical industry funding using drug company disclosure reports and patient organisation financial accounts from 2012 to 2016. We used linear regression to explain the overall share of industry funding (‘general dependency’) and top donor funding (‘company-specific dependency’) in organisations’ income. Predictors in
Climate change has led to an increase in heavy summer rainfalls, and climate projections for Sweden indicate that there will be more sudden rainfall in the future. While the exact locations and time for this rainfall are unknown, it is known that there will be damages to buildings, cars, and people when the rainfall occurs. It is thus important to evaluate past events to understand the resulting fClimate change has led to an increase in heavy summer rainfalls, and climate projections for Sweden indicate that there will be more sudden rainfall in the future. While the exact locations and time for this rainfall are unknown, it is known that there will be damages to buildings, cars, and people when the rainfall occurs. It is thus important to evaluate past events to understand the resulting f
Wetlands are integral components of our natural environment since they provide many critical ecosystem services to humanity, such as water purification, climate change mitigation, flood control, and biodiversity. Although wetlands can convey resilience to some degree of changes, they might be vulnerable to climate change. Altered hydrology and rising temperatures can turn the wetland services into
The semiconductor technology has enabled the fabrication of integrated circuits (ICs), which may include billions of transistors and can contain all necessary electronic circuitry for a complete system, so-called System-on-Chip (SOC). In order to handle design complexity and to meet short time-to-market requirements, it is increasingly common to make use of a modular design approach where an SOC i
We develop an LM test for Granger causality in high-dimensional (HD) vector autoregressive (VAR) models based on penalized least squares estimations. To obtain a test retaining the appropriate size after the variable selection done by the lasso, we propose a post-double-selection procedure to partial out effects of nuisance variables and establish its uniform asymptotic validity. We conduct an ext
Frontal cortex activity is reduced in the left hemisphere during depression. Transcranial direct current stimulation is a noninvasive neuromodulation technique that can increase frontal cortex activity. Therapy based on transcranial Direct Current Stimulation and positive psychology therapy was applied for improving patients' quality of life. The present study compared three conditions of subjects
Data from experiments on the phenomenon of recognition failure of recallable words show moderate dependence between recognition and recall. TECO, a connectionist theory, is proposed to account for the phenomenon. Cued recall is assumed to be cued with the cue word and the event. Recognition is assumed to be cued with the event and the copy cue. Moderate dependence is predicted because recall and r
The Tulving-Wiseman law is an empirical law that describes the relation between successive tests of recognition and recall of the same set of individual subject-items. It relates the probability of recognising the recallable items to the probability of recognising all the items, regardless of whether they are recalled. The relation represents a moderate degree of dependency between the tests. Two
A large number of experiments have found a moderate degree of dependence between subsequent tests of recognition and cued recall as described by the TW-function. This paper investigates the dependence in word pair recognition. Tests of word pair recognition are conducted with the subsequent test being free recall, cued recall, recognition, and cued recognition. The dependence is compared to subseq
Empirical forgetting curve data have been shown to follow a power function. In contrast, many connectionist models predict either an exponential decay or flat forgetting curves. This paper simulates power function forgetting curves in a Hopfield network modified to incorporate the more biologically realistic assumptions of bounded weights and a distribution of learning rates. The modified model pr
A large number of experiments in successive tests of episodic memory have focused on an experimental paradigm called recognition failure of recallable words. In this paradigm, a cued recall test follows a recognition test. Large amounts of data have revealed a lawful moderate dependence between recognition and cued recall. TECO (Sikström, 1996b), a general connectionist theory of memory, has been
The mirror effect refers to a rather general empirical finding showing that, for two classes of stimuli, the class with the higher hit rates also has a lower false alarm rate. In this article, a parsimonious theory is proposed to account for the mirror effect regarding, specifically, high- and low-frequency items and the associated receiver-operating curves. The theory is implemented in a recurren
Basic cognitive functions, such as the abilities to activate, represent, maintain, focus and process information, decline with age. A paradigm shift towards cross-level conceptions is needed in order to obtain an integrative understanding of cognitive aging phenomena that cuts across neural, information-processing, and behavioral levels. We review empirical data at these different levels, and comp
The learning curve during repetitive production and the associated forgetting during production breaks are fundamental issues in the understanding of behavior. A model is suggested that combines 3 basic findings, namely, that single memory traces decay according to a power function of the retention interval, that aggregated memory traces can be combined by integration, and that the time to produce
Forgetting in long-term memory, as measured in a recall or a recognition test, is faster for items encoded more recently than for items encoded earlier. Data on forgetting curves fit a power function well. In contrast, many connectionist models predict either exponential decay or completely flat forgetting curves. This paper suggests a connectionist model to account for power-function forgetting c
Besides neuroanatomical changes, neuromodulatory mechanisms are also compromised during aging. Neural network models are suitable tools for exploring the relatively broad and homogenous neuromodulatory influences on cortical function. Computational approaches for understanding neuromodulation of the dynamic properties of cortical function and recent neurocomputational theories relating different a
Purpose - The purpose of this exploratory study is to identify trainee attributes relevant for development of skills in 3D computer-aided design (CAD). Design/methodology/approach - Participants were trained to perform cognitive tasks of comparable complexity over time. Performance data were collected on the time needed to construct test models, and the number of features used to construct them. A
This thesis is a study of the development of the Chinese public accounting profession since China launched the “Reform and Opening-up” policy in 1978. The current, established theoretical representations of accounting professionalisation in China are predominantly underpinned by Gramsci’s (1971) hegemony perspective. Such a hegemony perspective has led to a one-sided understanding of accounting pr
