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The industrial exploitation of high value nanoparticles is in need of robust measurement methods to increase the control over product manufacturing and to implement quality assurance. InNanoPart, a European metrology project responded to these needs by developing methods for the measurement of particle size, concentration, agglomeration, surface chemistry and shell thickness. This paper illustrateThe industrial exploitation of high value nanoparticles is in need of robust measurement methods to increase the control over product manufacturing and to implement quality assurance. InNanoPart, a European metrology project responded to these needs by developing methods for the measurement of particle size, concentration, agglomeration, surface chemistry and shell thickness. This paper illustrate

Measuring the number concentration of colloidal nanoparticles (NPs) is critical for assessing reproducibility, enabling compliance with regulation, and performing risk assessments of NP-enabled products. For nanomedicines, their number concentration directly relates to their dose. However, the lack of relevant reference materials and established traceable measurement approaches make the validation

Denna uppsats behandlar hur begreppet livsmedel ska förstås i mervärdesskatterättslig mening. Frågan har blivit relevant på grund av den tillfälliga sänkningen av mervärdesskatten på livsmedel från 12 procent till 6 procent, som gäller från och med den 1 april 2026 till och med den 31 december 2027. Eftersom den reducerade skattesatsen endast omfattar sådana produkter som rättsligt kan klassificerThis thesis examines how the concept of food should be understood in the context of value added tax law. The issue has become relevant due to the temporary reduction of VAT on food from 12 percent to 6 percent, which applies from 1 April 2026 until 31 December 2027. Since the reduced tax rate only applies to products that can legally be classified as food, the scope of the concept gains both pract

Denna uppsats undersöker CISG:s tillämplighet på digitala produkter och hur konventionens varubegrepp förhåller sig till EU:s reglering av digitalt innehåll och digitala tjänster. Syftet är att klarlägga om digitala produkter kan omfattas av CISG samt att analysera om konventionens traditionella varubegrepp är förenligt med EU-direktiven på det digitala området. Uppsatsen besvarar två frågeställniThis paper examines the applicability of the CISG to digital products and how the Convention’s concept of goods relates to the EU's regulation of digital content and digital services. The aim is to clarify if digital products may fall within the scope of the CISG and to analyse whether the Convention’s traditional concept of goods is compatible with the EU directives in the digital field. The

The design process of buildings has historically treated mechanical, electrical, plumbing (MEP) Systems, particularly Heating, Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) as an afterthought which leads to compromised spatial qualities inefficient routing systems. This systemic marginalisation of environmental engineering withing architectural discourse has traditionally prioritised the visual form of

Background Digital twins offer great potential for transforming urban management to be more effective and sustainable. By adopting a data-centric approach, cities can become more innovative, moving away from application-centric solutions with data silos toward an interoperable modern data architecture. This thesis designs and develops a data-centric knowledge graph-based tool for road maintenance

Critical infrastructure networks are susceptible to disruptions, and an imbalanced distribution of component importance can significantly amplify their vulnerability to cascading failures or targeted attacks. This study introduces a novel bi-objective optimization framework designed to enhance network resilience by strategically balancing component importance in multi-commodity spatial networks. T

This paper presents a decision-analytic approach for evaluating risk reduction actions for structural systems under climate change. A decision-theoretic formulation is developed to quantify the value of actions, extended to address climate change scenario uncertainties. Scenario occurrence probabilities are derived from probabilistic effective radiative forcing exceedances to link climate model pr

The causal link between potentially traumatic events and obsessive–compulsive disorder (OCD) remains unclear due to reliance on retrospective self-reports and limited control for familial factors. Here, in this Swedish population-based cohort study, we identified 3,340,945 individuals born between 1975 and 2008 and prospectively examined the associations of objectively recorded assault/victimizati

Inclination-dependent grain boundary (GB) energy and shear-coupled motion are studied for and tilt GBs in face-centered cubic materials using three-dimensional (3D) phase field crystal (PFC) simulations. A large dataset spanning misorientation and inclination space is systematically generated to evaluate trends in GB energy and shear-coupling. GB energy variations broadly follow ideal faceting and

Histatin 5 (Hst5) is a histidine-rich intrinsically disordered protein (IDP) whose biological function arises from a highly heterogeneous conformational ensemble and environmental sensitivity. Unlike structured antimicrobial peptides that rely on persistent secondary motifs, Hst5 remains disordered across a wide range of conditions, enabling continuous adaptation to changes in pH, ionic strength,

Most flowering plants depend on insect pollinators for their reproduction, yet these pollinators have been facing considerable losses in abundance and diversity in recent decades. The ongoing pollinator declines, caused by stressors including land-use and climate change, have raised concerns for species-rich plant communities such as those found in semi-natural grasslands. These communities contai

Topological qubits based on non-Abelian Majorana bound states (MBSs) are protected by parity which is challenged by quasiparticle poisoning (QPP). In this work, we show how QPP affects transport through a pair of coupled MBSs weakly connected to two current leads, using an open system approach and full counting statistics. We find that the correct low-energy physics requires one to include next to

Background/Objectives: Antenatal Care (ANC), delivery assisted by Skilled Birth Attendants (SBA), and Postnatal Care (PNC), collectively referred to as Continuum of Care (CoC), are platforms for delivering maternal and child nutrition interventions essential for optimal child growth. The study objective is to estimate the association between maternal utilization of CoC and childhood undernutrition

Recent announcements by the US Government linking paracetamol use during pregnancy to autism in offspring highlight the risks of misinterpreting observational research to inform policy; this is a clear example of the principle that association does not equal causation. Unmeasured familial confounding is a common bias in epidemiological studies, whereby shared genetic or environmental factors withi

As climate change-related hazards intensify, enhanced adaptation efforts that extend beyond technological solutions and include active roles for citizens are required. We introduce the novel concept of climate adaptation citizenship, defined through the three dimensions of awareness, action, and political engagement, to explore how citizens in small, remote Nordic communities engage with different