Protoplanets growing within the protoplanetary disk by pebble accretion acquire hydrostatic gas envelopes. Due to accretion heating, the temperature in these envelopes can become high enough to sublimate refractory minerals which are the major components of the accreted pebbles. Here we study the sublimation of different mineral species and determine whether sublimation plays a role during the gro

Context. With data releases from the astrometric space mission Gaia, exploration of the structure of the Milky Way is now possible in unprecedented detail, and has unveiled many previously unknown structures in the Galactic disc and halo. One such feature is the Gaia phase spiral where the stars in the Galactic disc form a spiral density pattern in the Z- VZ plane. Many questions regarding the pha

Dynamical response of water exposed to x-rays is of utmost importance in a wealth of science areas. We exposed isolated water isotopologues to short x-ray pulses from a free-electron laser and detected momenta of all produced ions in coincidence. By combining experimental results and theoretical modeling, we identify significant structural dynamics with characteristic isotope effects in H2O2+, D2O

In this study we derive analytically the equilibrium melting probabilities for basepairs of a DNA molecule with a defect site. We assume that the defect is characterized by a change in the Watson-Crick basepair energy of the defect basepair, and in the associated two stacking energies for the defect, as compared to the remaining parts of the DNA. The defect site could, for instance, occur due to D

Free-electron lasers provide bright, ultrashort, and monochromatic x-ray pulses, enabling novel spectroscopic measurements not only with femtosecond temporal resolution: The high fluence of their x-ray pulses can also easily enter the regime of the non-linear x-ray-matter interaction. Entering this regime necessitates a rigorous analysis and reliable prediction of the relevant non-linear processes

Context. Galaxies are expected to accrete pristine gas from their surroundings to sustain their star formation over cosmic timescales. This mechanism is well established in models and simulations, but evidence from observations is mostly indirect. These gas inflows leave distinct traces in the chemical composition of newborn stars and alter the distribution of stellar abundances compared to what w

As stellar compositions evolve over time in the Milky Way, so will the resulting planet populations. In order to place planet formation in the context of Galactic chemical evolution, we made use of a large (N = 5325) stellar sample representing the thin and thick discs, defined chemically, and the halo, and we simulated planet formation by pebble accretion around these stars. We built a chemical m

Using only linearly polarized light, we study the possibility of generating spin-polarized photoelectrons from xenon atoms. No net spin polarization is possible, since the xenon ground state is spinless, but when the photoelectrons are measured in coincidence with the residual ion, spin polarization emerges. Furthermore, we show that ultrafast dynamics of the recolliding photoelectrons contribute

Site-selective probing of iodine 4d orbitals at 13.1 nm was used to characterize the photolysis of CH2I2 and CH2BrI initiated at 202.5 nm. Time-dependent fragment ion momenta were recorded using Coulomb explosion imaging mass spectrometry and used to determine the structural dynamics of the dissociating molecules. Correlations between these fragment momenta, as well as the onset times of electron

We present new maps of the Milky Way disk showing the distribution of metallicity ([Fe/H]), α-element abundances ([Mg/Fe]), and stellar age, using a sample of 66,496 red giant stars from the final data release (DR17) of the Apache Point Observatory Galactic Evolution Experiment survey. We measure radial and vertical gradients, quantify the distribution functions for age and metallicity, and explor

For methanol/diesel dual-fuel combustion, there are two different methanol injection implementations: port injection into the intake manifold and direct injection into cylinder. In this work, an experimental comparison was conducted for the two methanol injection strategies to study the effects of the methanol-energy-substation ratio (ESR) and diesel injection timing on the fuel-air mixing and com

We propose a single-shot, high-repetition rate measurement scheme of the carrier-envelope phase offset of ultrashort laser pulses. The spectral fringes resulting from f-2f nonlinear interferometry, encoding the carrier-envelope-phase, are evaluated completely optically via an optical Fourier transform. For demonstration, the carrier-envelope-phase of a 200 kHz, few-cycle optical parametric chirped

The main scientific goal of TESS is to find planets smaller than Neptune around stars that are bright enough to allow for further characterization studies. Given our current instrumentation and detection biases, M dwarfs are prime targets in the search for small planets that are in (or near) the habitable zone of their host star. In this work, we use photometric observations and CARMENES radial ve

Nonperturbative resonant multiphoton ionization (1+1) is studied using the resolvent operator technique. Scaling parameters for effective two-level Hamiltonians are computed for hydrogen and helium atoms to provide a quantitative description of Rabi oscillations at XUV wavelengths, which were recently observed using a seeded free-electron laser [S. Nandi, Nature (London) 608, 488 (2022)0028-083610

The fact that we can build models from data, and therefore refine our models with more data from experiments, is usually given for granted in scientific inquiry. However, how much information can we extract, and how precise can we expect our learned model to be, if we have only a finite amount of data at our disposal? Nuclear physics demands an high degree of precision from models that are inferre

Molecular radiotherapy is rapidly expanding, and new radiotherapeutics are emerging. The majority of treatments is still performed using empirical fixed activities and not tailored for individual patients. Molecular radiotherapy dosimetry is often seen as a promising candidate that would allow personalisation of treatments as outcome should ultimately depend on the absorbed doses delivered and not