This paper suggests that rhythmic notational practice seen in complex music adhere to the principle that the number of beams/flags of any note is dependent upon the number of iterations per temporal unit. In the first in- stance this may seem obvious, since this principle forms the basis of rational rhythmic notation in music. However, with music featuring nested tuplets of two levels or more, an

INTRODUCTION: Breast hypertrophy is a condition associated with physical, psychological, and psychosocial problems. The primary aims of this study were to determine the impact of breast hypertrophy and the effects of breast reduction, performed on the basis of well-described inclusion criteria, on general and breast-related health, using both general and diagnosis-specific validated questionnaires

The purpose of this review was to evaluate systematically all published and unpublished research concerning culture and medical procedural pain in children. Databases, reference lists, and electronic list servers were searched as data sources. Fifteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Most studies (80%) were conducted solely in the United States comparing Caucasian American groups to other local

Comparing complication rates between centres is difficult due to the lack of unanimous criteria regarding what adverse events should be defined as complications and how these events should be compiled. This study analysed all adverse events in a cohort of craniofacial (CF) operations over a 10-year period and applied three different scales (Clavien-Dindo, Leeds and Oxford) for systematic compariso

Culture is commonly regarded as a factor in pain behaviour and experience, but the meaning of the term is often unclear. There is little evidence that pain perception is modified by cultural or ethnic factors, but pain expression by children and interpretation by caregivers may be affected by the culture of the patient or the caregiver. The present paper examines some of the research regarding cul

Distraction has shown to be a helpful pain intervention for children; however, few investigations have studied the effectiveness of this method with adolescents. The aim of this study was to evaluate the usefulness of an easy and practical musical distraction in reducing adolescents' immunization pain. Furthermore, to examine whether musical distraction techniques (with or without headphones) used

The aim of the study was to examine the role culture plays in caregiver’s pain-related parent behaviors. This study used a cross-cultural survey design with a convenience sample of caregivers of 6-12-year-old children (N = 547) living in Canada (n = 183), Iceland (n = 184), or Thailand (n = 180). A team-translation approach included psychometric assessment and confirmatory factor analysis, ensurin

Introduction/Aim: Studies suggest that cultural models of parenting (CMP) influence parental behaviors. Predominant cultural values are believed to inform the parenting styles caregivers adopt. Cultural values were expected to affect parental behaviors indirectly through parenting styles. We believed this would be moderated by ecosocial context. The present study aimed to examine cultural influenc

What makes human beings, and their way of thinking, unique in the biosphere of the earth is not just the biological-genetic evolution of human cognitive capacities, but also the interaction in historical time with the environment, the socio-cultural Lifeworld, and particularly human semiotic skills; that is, the ability to learn from other thinking beings, and to transfer experiences, knowledge, m

In this paper we summarize observations bridging the declared aspirations of pictorial semiotics and its real achievements. Pictorial semiotics is here understood as the general study of pictures as signs and it constituted a fundamental step beyond the art historical captivation with individual images. In the first part of our contribution we present a review of the most important methods that ha