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A simple and novel method is presented to approximate by the lognormal distribution the probability density function of the sum of correlated lognormal random variables. The method is also shown to work well for approximating the distribution of the sum of lognormal-Rice or Suzuki random variables by the lognormal distribution. The method is based on matching a low-order Gauss-Hermite approximatio
This article addresses why the rights of peasants and agrarian violence matter to justice promotion work that seeks to lay the groundwork for future peace and stability. Its central contention is that although rural people have participated in transitional justice processes, the field is yet to engage with peasants as a distinct social group, with the social, economic, and political issues they fa
The ‘planetary boundaries’ framework identifies Earth system processes that contribute to the stability and resilience of the planet (Rockström et al., 2009a), setting out the limits to changes the Earth can support for remaining in a Holocene-like state. A key question for global sustainable development that emerges from this framework is how to secure social equity while respecting planetary bou
Transformative justice has emerged as a new practice agenda for addressing structural and systemic violence in post-conflict and post-authoritarian societies. This article is situated at a critical juncture: while the emerging scholarship has focussed on community agency and action, there is little as yet that has explored the social structures and relations in transition societies that are harm-g
Whilst critical realism (CR) is becoming recognised as a significant meta-theory for the social sciences, there is little guidance on how to produce research which is consistent with its ontological and epistemological assumptions. This article contributes to an emerging discussion about how CR can be applied, drawing on an example of a qualitative study that has sought to understand and explain t
Recent literature has recognised the value of food sovereignty and human rights frameworks in agrarian struggles. Relatively little attention has gone toward how agrarian movements develop and apply their own rights discourses to further demands for social justice. This study considers Brazil's landless movement (MST) between 1984 and 1995, revealing three distinct rights discourses that recruited
Community-based approaches are pursued in recognition of the need for place-based responses to environmental change that integrate local understandings of risk and vulnerability. Yet the potential for fair adaptation is intimately linked to how variations in perceptions of environmental change and risk are treated. There is, however, little empirical evidence of the extent and nature of variations
Whilst it is increasingly recognised that socio-political contexts shape climate change adaptation decisions and actions at all scales, current modes of development typically fail to recognise or adequately challenge these contexts where they constrain capacity to adapt. To address this failing, we consider how a rights-based approach broadens understanding of adaptive capacity while directing att
Transformative justice has emerged in recent years as both a critical response to transitional justice and as a new practice agenda for challenging social-economic harms in post-conflict and post-authoritarian societies. While the transformative scholarship is relatively new, it falls short of providing a way to capture the underlying mechanisms by which people’s needs are frustrated. This study e
The Transmission Loss of different kind of layered structures is investigated by means of a four microphone technique in a plane wave tube. By using the decomposition technique, incident, reflected and transmitted contributions are separated and transmission coefficient is easily calculated. In this paper a single measurement approach based on transfer matrix, taking into account reflection contri
The atmospheric profile whose sound speed varies linearly with height is simple in concept, but leads to complications when solving for the sound pressure. Its effects are commonly approximated by a similar profile whose squared refractive index is a linear function of height. In this paper, the validity of the approximation has been examined for sound propagation above an impedance ground and a c
We introduce a robust and efficient methodology to solve the Ornstein-Zernike integral equation using the pseudoarc length (PAL) continuation method that reformulates the integral equation in an equivalent but nonstandard form. This enables the computation of solutions in regions where the compressibility experiences large changes or where the existence of multiple solutions and so-called branch p
