Cohesive zone modeling at finite displacements and crack openings are discussed and evaluated in relation to the fundamental principles provided by thermodynamic consistency, balance of angular momentum and material frame indifference. It is shown that among the existing prototype cohesive zone models within the classical cohesive zone framework, only fully isotropic elastic models or fully isotro

Kiselalger finns över nästan hela jorden och står för en stor del av jordens samlade fotosyntes. Deras kloroplaster härstammar från rödalger, men resten av deras celler kommer från andra håll. Kiselalgerna har många gener vilkas närmaste släktingar återfinns hos djur, svampar, grönalger eller olika bakterier.

This article article examines to what extent and how the EU ETS has influenced the climate strategies of two Nordic pulp and paper companies: Swedish SCA and Norwegian Norske Skog. Rising electricity prices are perceived to be the greatest effect of the scheme. The EU ETS has served to reinforce commitments to improve energy efficiency and reduce CO2 emissions in both companies studied. Procedures

The striatum is widely viewed as the fulcrum of pathophysiology in Parkinson's disease (PD) and L-DOPA-induced dyskinesia (LID). In these disease states, the balance in activity of striatal direct pathway spiny projection neurons (dSPNs) and indirect pathway spiny projection neurons (iSPNs) is disrupted, leading to aberrant action selection. However, it is unclear whether countervailing mechanisms

Twenty-six children in 3rd grade were observed while surfing freely on their favourite websites. Eye movement data were recorded, as well as synchronized screen recordings. Each online advert was analyzed in order to quantify low-level saliency features, such as motion, luminance and edge density. The eye movement data were used to register if the children had attended to the online adverts. A mix

Popular Abstract in Swedish Dagens samhälle är allt mer beroende av elektroniska hjälpmedel så som smarta telefoner, läsplattor, datorer osv. Prestandakraven ökar i en allt högre takt och därför måste även den bakomliggande teknologin följa samma trend. De flesta av oss vill att den nya mobiltelefonen ska ha så hög kameraupplösning som möjligt men få av oss tänker på att detta medför en större mäFast and reliable data transmission together with high bandwidth efficiency are important design aspects in a modern digital communication system. Many different approaches exist but in this thesis bandwidth efficiency is obtained by increasing the data transmission rate with the faster-than-Nyquist (FTN) framework while keeping a fixed power spectral density (PSD). In FTN consecutive information

The paper presents a cradle-to-gate life cycle assessment of production of ammonia using wind power. The ammonia is intended to substitute for nitrogen fertilizer produced from fossil resources. The studied system is designed to supply a rural community with fertilizer based on renewable energy and is, therefore, smaller than industrial fossil ammonia production systems. Two contrasting cases exam

Natural killer (NK) cells represent the third lymphoid lineage playing important role against viral infections and cancer. In contrast to B and T cell development where both cellular and regulatory pathways are well established, the development of NK cells from hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) is poorly understood. Although bone marrow (BM) represents the main site for postnatal NK cell development

The Great Ordovician Biodiversification Event (GOBE) was the most rapid and sustained increase in marine Phanerozoic biodiversity. What generated this biotic response across Palaeozoic seascapes is a matter of debate; several intrinsic and extrinsic drivers have been suggested. One is Ordovician climate, which in recent years has undergone a paradigm shift from a text-book example of an extended g

A dietary survey was performed during a large screening study in Sweden among 13-year-old adolescents. The aim was to study how the intake of food groups was affected by a screening-detected diagnosis of coeliac disease (CD) and its gluten-free (GF) treatment. Food intake was reported using a FFQ, and intake reported by the adolescents who were diagnosed with CD was compared with the intake of two

Background Exposure to cigarette smoke (CS) is associated with increased risk of pneumococcal infection. The mechanism for this association is unknown. We recently reported that the particulate matter from urban air simulates platelet-activating factor receptor (PAFR)-dependent adhesion of pneumococci to airway cells. We therefore sought to determine whether CS stimulates pneumococcal adhesion to

Stem cell-based approaches have received much hype as potential treatments for neurodegenerative disorders. Indeed, transplantation of stem cells or their derivatives in animal models of neurodegenerative diseases can improve function by replacing the lost neurons and glial cells and by mediating remyelination, trophic actions, and modulation of inflammation. Endogenous neural stem cells are also

We present a method to compute, quickly and efficiently, the mutual information achieved by an independent identically distributed (IID) complex Gaussian signal on a block Rayleigh-faded channel without side information at the receiver. The method accommodates both scalar and multiple-input multiple-output (MIMO) settings. Operationally, this mutual information represents the highest spectral effi

The Dalitz decay eta -> e(+) e(-) gamma has been measured in the gamma p -> eta p reaction with the Crystal Ball and TAPS multiphoton spectrometers, together with the photon-tagging facility at the Mainz Microtron MAMI. The experimental statistic used in this work is one order of magnitude greater than in any previous measurement of eta -> e(+) e(-) gamma. The value obtained for the slope paramete

Background: Obesity, type 2 diabetes and atrial fibrillation (AF) are closely associated, but the underlying mechanisms are not fully understood. We aimed to explore associations between body mass index (BMI) or weight change with risk of AF in patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: A total of 7,169 participations with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes were stratified according to baseline BMI, and

We use a recently developed parametrization to estimate the regional particle field in the summer time troposphere over Scandinavia that would result if the forest were the only source of particles. The calculated field is compared with available observational data. It is concluded that the needle leaf forest above 58 degrees N alone is capable of producing aerosol mass concentrations correspondin

Granular GaAs:(Mn,Ga)As films were prepared by annealing at 500 degrees C under ambient and enhanced hydrostatic pressure (1.1 GPa), of Ga1-xMnxAs/GaAs layers (x = 0.025, 0.03, 0.04, 0.05 and 0.063) grown at 230 degrees C by molecular beam epitaxy method. Distinct influence of enhanced hydrostatic pressure applied during sample annealing on strain state of inclusions was found. An increase of latt

Human carbonyl reductase 1 (CBR1), that is one of the enzymes responsible for the reduced efficiency of treatments by the antineoplastic agents anthracyclines, was functionally expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. CBR1 was purified and kinetically characterised using daunorubicin as substrate. CBR1-catalysed reduction of daunorubicin followed an apparent Michaelis-Menten kinetics with K-M = 85.2

Context: Rapid cycling is a severe form of bipolar disorder with an increased rate of episodes that is particularly treatment-responsive to chronotherapy and stable sleep-wake cycles. We hypothesized that the P2RX7 gene would be affected by sleep deprivation and be implicated in rapid cycling. Objectives: To assess whether P2RX7 expression is affected by total sleep deprivation and if variation in