Although currently available antimuscarinic agents are the standard of care for overactive bladder (OAB), they are limited by certain side effects, particularly dry mouth and constipation. Research aimed at discovering new therapies for OAB has resulted in the identification of some promising drugs. Investigations of pharmacologic targets in the central nervous system (CNS) have yielded encouragin

A low diversity plant macrofossil assemblage described from the northern section of Fossiryggen, Vestfiella, Dronning Maud Land, Antarctica, is dominated by matted leaf impressions of Glossopteris sp. cf. G communis Feistmantel and Glossopteris sp. cf. G spatulata Pant A Singh, and in situ finely branched Vertebraria indica Royle rootlets. Equisetalean stems, rhizomes and leaf whorls (Pkyllotheca

PURPOSE: Endocrine therapies, such as tamoxifen, are commonly given to most patients with estrogen receptor (ERalpha)-positive breast carcinoma but are not indicated for persons with ERalpha-negative cancer. The factors responsible for response to tamoxifen in 5% to 10% of patients with ERalpha-negative tumors are not clear. The aim of the present study was to elucidate the biology and prognostic

Expression of human leukocyte antigen (HLA) class II molecules on islet endothelial cells is a central vascular event in the pathogenesis of Type 1 diabetes. Previous studies demonstrated the ability of other vascular endothelial cells to express HLA and thereby to process islet autoantigens on their surface. We investigated whether the HLA-DQ2/8 genotype, which confers the highest risk for Type 1

This article analyses existing small-scale wind farms located in India as hypothetical projects implemented under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM). It addresses them from three different viewpoints (sustainable development, financial feasibility and institutional conditions), focusing mostly on identifying the smallest capacities and lowest performances at which these cases may become attract

The purpose of this article is to examine the effects of European integration on the location of investments by Swedish multinational corporations (MNCs). Evidence is presented about the extent to which European integration has attracted investment by Swedish MNCs, and whether foreign direct investment (FDI) is being undertaken at the expense of home country investment. In the empirical analysis,

This paper focuses on the use of material planning methods to control material flow to inventories of purchased items. The first sub-objective is to evaluate the perceived planning performance of material planning methods used to control material flows in different inventory types in manufacturing and distribution companies. The second sub-objective is to evaluate the difference in perceived plann

The amyloid-like fibril is a biomolecular nanowire template of very high stability. Here we describe the coordination of a conjugated polyelectrolyte, poly(thiophene acetic acid) (PTAA), to bovine insulin fibrils with widths of < 10 nm and lengths of up to more than 10 mu m. Fibrils complexed with PTAA are aligned on surfaces through molecular combing and transfer printing. Single-molecule spectro

Background: Female urinary incontinence is a prevalent condition, but only about one-third of women seek treatment. Objectives: To describe the health care provision for women with urinary incontinence from a European perspective, selecting France, Germany, Spain, Sweden, and the United Kingdom as examples, and to investigate whether specific barriers for treatment exist. Methods: Available health

An important tool for studying standard finitely presented algebras is the Ufnarovski graph. In this paper we extend the use of the Ufnarovski graph to automaton algebras, introducing the generalized Ufnarovski graph. As an application, we show how this construction can be used to test Noetherianity of automaton algebras.

The interactions between herbivorous insects and their host plants have been central in generating diversification in both groups. We used a community of four yucca moth species, monophagous on the host plant Hesperoyucca whipplei (Agavaceae), to examine how the type of interaction and where insects feed within a plant influence phylogeographic structure of herbivorous insects. These four species

Inactivation of the perlecan gene leads to perinatal lethal chondrodysplasia. The similarity to the phenotypes of the Col2A1 knock-out and the disproportionate micromelia mutation suggests perlecan involvement in cartilage collagen matrix assembly. We now present a mechanism for the defect in collagen type II fibril assembly by perlecan-null chondrocytes. Cartilage perlecan is a heparin sulfate or

The production of polyamines has been shown to be an effective target for a drug against the West African form of sleeping sickness caused by Trypanosoma brucei gambiense. T. brucei belongs to the group of protozoan parasites classed as trypanosomatids. Parasitic species of this group are the causative agents of various tropical diseases besides African sleeping sickness, e.g. Chagas' disease (Try

The Streptomyces rubiginosus xylA gene was cloned and expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. No xylose isomerase activity could be detected. The produced xylose isomerase protein was insoluble and could only be recovered from cell lysates by extraction with the detergent sodium dodecyl-sulfate. In contrast, expression of the xylA gene from Thermus thermophilus in the same host strain resulted in s

Clinical islet transplantation is currently being explored as a treatment for persons with type 1 diabetes and hypoglycaemia unawareness. Although 'proof-of-principle' has been established in recent clinical studies, the procedure suffers from low efficacy. At the time of transplantation, the isolated islets are allowed to embolise the liver after injection in the portal vein, a procedure that is

Total normothermic venoarterial bypass was established in 6 healthy pigs over a period of 18 hours. A heparin-coated closed extracorporeal system was used and no heparin was administered systemically. During the bypass period the main pulmonary artery was occluded and the heart was maintained in a beating state. All the animals maintained stable hemodynamics and normal blood gases during the entir

The polygyny threshold model was introduced in the 1960s in order to explain why females in some species choose to mate vith already mated males. Since then, a number of complementary or alternative hypotheses have been suggested. By using a hierarchical testing approach Searcy and Yasukawa (1989) organised the models that proposed to explain the maintenance of territorial polygyny. Here, I point