Lignocellulose is a potential substrate for ethanol production. However, high cellulose conversion requires high enzyme loading, which makes the process less economically feasible. Addition of surfactants to enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulose increases the conversion of cellulose into soluble sugars. The mechanism is not known for the increase of lignocellulose hydrolysis by surfactant additio

Screening for cervical cancer precursors by cytology has been very successful in countries where adequate resources exist to ensure high quality and good coverage of the population at risk. Mortality reductions in excess of 50% have been achieved in many developed countries; however the procedure is generally inefficient and unworkable in many parts of the world where the appropriate infrastructur

We have tested the importance of genetic variation in the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) class IIB in Atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) for survival after challenge with a highly virulent bacterial pathogen. Forty juvenile full siblings from each of 120 families were infected with the bacterium Aeromonas salmonicida, which causes high mortality in salmon due to furunculosis. Fishes from high-r

The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of thromboxane A2 in bradykinin-induced airflow obstruction in guinea pig in vivo. Airway insufflation pressure (Pi) was measured to assess airflow obstruction and the thromboxane B2 (a stable metabolite of thromboxane A2) concentration in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid was determined by radioimmunoassay. The animals were pretreated with propranolol (1

We present a novel method for tracking multiple objects in video captured by a non-stationary camera. For low quality video, RANSAC estimation fails when the number of good matches shrinks below the minimum required to estimate the motion model. This paper extends RANSAC in the following ways: (a) Allowing multiple models of different complexity to be chosen at random; (b) Introducing a conditiona

A differential scanning calorimetric and sorption calorimetric study of two alkyl maltosides, C(8)G(2) and C(10)G(2), was performed. In the dry state, C(8)G(2) and C(10)G(2) do not form solid crystals but undergo a glass transition upon temperature change. The glass is partly ordered and has the same lamellar structure as the liquid crystals formed by the two maltosides. To reflect the presence of

Glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis may be at least in part due to the increased apoptosis of osteocytes. To study the role of osteocyte apoptosis in glucocorticoid-induced osteoporosis, we isolated primary osteocytes from murine calvaria for the analysis of the effects of dexamethasone in in vitro culture. The cells were identified by morphology, cytochemical staining, immunocytochemical staining

A laser diode structure realizing internal gain switching is suggested for high-power picosecond optical pulse generation. A thin wideband barrier layer is incorporated in the active region of this structure, in order to provide additional control of the carrier distribution and the gain dynamics. The dynamic laser output response to the nanosecond pumping current pulses is modeled and analyzed. T

Objective. To investigate whether sera or purified IgG from patients with polymyositis (PM) and patients with dermatomyositis (DM), with or without interstitial lung disease (ILD), can activate endothelial cells (ECs). Methods. Patients' sera were selected based on the presence or absence of anti-Jo-1, anti-SSA, or anti-U1 small nuclear RNP autoantibodies. The presence of autoantibodies was determ

We examine an effectively attractive quasi-one-dimensional Bose-Einstein condensate of atoms confined in a rotating toroidal trap, as the magnitude of the coupling constant and the rotational frequency are varied. Using both a variational mean-field approach, as well as a diagonalization technique, we identify the phase diagram between a uniform and a localized state and we describe the system in

The native bee fauna provides an important ecosystem function, but a large proportion of this fauna in Europe is threatened as a result of habitat loss and fragmentation. The solitary bee Andrena hattorfiana is specialised on collecting pollen from the plant-family Dipsacaceae. In northern Europe the major pollen resource is the insect-pollinated herb Knautia arvensis. We quantified the available

Edge diffraction call be a major source of high radar visibility for integrated array antennas. In this paper, it is shown that tapered resistive sheets at the edges of the array can be used to transform the scattering properties of the antenna to that of a metallic plate and hence reduce the radar cross section. Numerical examples of kill array of self-complementary patches and a, bandpass freque

Adenoviral vector-mediated treatment is a potential therapy for tumors of the central nervous system. To obtain a significant therapeutic effect by adenoviral vectors, a sufficient infection is required, the power of which depends predominantly on the level of Coxsackie adenovirus receptors. We stained surgical biopsies of central nervous system tumors and neuroblastomas for Coxsackie adenovirus r

This article investigates the importance of using draft curtains to obtain faster sprinkler activation with three different models-two computational fluid dynamics (CFD) models (CFX 4.4 and fire dynamics simulator (FDS) 4.07) and a zone model (Argos) containing a ceiling-jet formula - for an actual scenario in an entertainment center in Denmark. It is found that a draft curtain has some effect on

The present study sets out to investigate the sensitivity of water availability to climate change for a large western Himalayan river (the Satluj River basin with an area of 22 275 km(2) and elevation range of 500 to 7000 m), which receives contributions from rain, snow and glacier melt runoff. About 65% of the basin area is covered with snow during winter, which reduces to about 11% after the abl

Loss of immune function and an increased incidence of myeloid leukemia are two of the most clinically significant consequences of aging of the hematopoietic system. To better understand the mechanisms underlying hematopoietic aging, we evaluated the cell intrinsic functional and molecular properties of highly purified long-term hematopoietic stem cells (LT-HSCs) from young and old mice. We found t

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a novel antimuscarinic agent, Lu 25-109, a partial M1 receptor agonist, and M2/M3 receptor antagonist in human and pig detrusor to establish its affinity for muscarinic receptors in human detrusor and parotid gland and to compare the results with those obtained with oxybutynin. Effects on the detrusor were determined as regards the ability to in

Two patients with long-term (35 years) survival on hemodialysis are described. Kidney replacement therapy for these patients was initiated by a pioneer in hemodialysis, Nils Alwall, in 1968 and 1971, respectively. Kidney transplantation was attempted twice in both patients; however, the dialysis-free interval was less than 18 months in both patients. These patients represent two of the longest kno