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This study aims to examine how Abkhazia and Georgia respectively understands the conflict of Abkhazia and how these understandings may affect any attempts to resolve the conflict. A qualitative content analysis method has been conducted based on information, statements and reports from Abkhazia’s respectively Georgia’s government pages, analyzed through the theoretical framework of intractable con
I uppsatsen undersöks frågan i vilken utsträckning skyldigheten att inte erkänna medför begränsningar för EU:s förbindelser, såsom handel, med entiteter som EU är skyldig att inte erkänna. EU är skyldig att iaktta folkrätten i dess helhet inklusive den skyldighet att inte erkänna som följer av internationell sedvanerätt och som är bindande för unionens institutioner. I uppsatsen hävdas att handel This thesis examines the extent to which the obligation of non-recognition limits EU engagement, such as trade, with entities which the EU is obliged not to recognise. The EU is bound to observe international law in its entirety, including the obligation of non-recognition which as a customary rule of international law is binding upon its institutions. However, this thesis argues that trade with u
This research explores the interplay between the Council of Europe and the European Union within the context of EU Enlargement policy, focusing on the diffusion and visibility of Council of Europe standards and discourses within European Union Progress Reports. The paper scrutinizes how the Council of Europe’s emphasis on democracy, human rights, and the rule of law is visible in the European Unio
The European Union has developed a critical concern for cybersecurity, requiring a comprehensive approach to tackle new challenges arising from cyber threats. Against the backdrop of increasing global cyber-attacks and emerging regulatory models from rival powers, such as China and Russia, the EU has positioned itself as a key player in cybersecurity policy. This thesis researches the extent to wh
Sedan 2014 gäller lagen (2014:307) om straff för penningtvättsbrott (hädanefter PTBL). Gentemot tidigare straffrättslig reglering kring penningtvätt fanns en uppfattning om att åklagaren behövde bevisa ett konkret förbrott för att straffansvar skulle aktualiseras. Svårigheter att bevisa förbrott föranledde införandet av ett mer omfattande rekvisit. I 3 och 4 §§ PTBL krävs numera att egendom ”härröSince 2014, the Money Laundering Offences Act (hereafter the MLO Act) applies. In relation to the previous criminal law regulation regarding money laundering the perception was that the prosecutor had to prove a certain predicate offence for criminal liability. Difficulties in proving the predicate offence induced the adoption of a more comprehensive necessary prerequisite. Henceforth, section 3 a
This study analyses the educational levels of 240 different political leaders across 118 different countries between the years 1989 to 2015 to derive if the educational levels of leaders effect educational equality as well as health equality. The study is conducted with a quantitative approach and the results show us that a leader with a college degree is going to be more likely to increase equali
During the past decade the security policy situation in Sweden has deteriorated to a point where the circumstances resemble the early 1950s, which has created a need for a strong psychological defense. The population contributes with essential conditions to the country’s resilience through strategies and abilities. Citizens therefore have a special role in creating stability in times of threats an
Mitokondriella sjukdomar har länge vållat problem för sjukvården. Konsekvenserna för de som drabbas är ofta en allvarlig sjukdomsbild, inte sällan med dödligt utfall. Mitokondriella sjukdomar uppkommer till följd av skadliga mutationer i mitokondrie-DNA:t som påverkar cellernas energiförsörjning. För den som utvecklat en mitokondriell sjukdom finns det inget botemedel. Däremot går det att förhindrMitochondrial diseases have long posed significant challenges for the medical community. Those affected often face severe illness which frequently results in fatal outcomes. Mitochondrial diseases arise due to harmful mutations in mitochondrial DNA, impacting cellular energy supply. There is no cure for individuals who develop a mitochondrial disease. However, it is possible to prevent the transmi
Det är inte ovanligt att parterna i en nationell tvist kommer från olika länder. När en tvist mellan parter med olika internationell anknytning initieras uppkommer ibland frågor om vilket lands domstol som är behörig att pröva tvisten och vilket lands lag som ska gälla för tvisten. En något mer undanskymd fråga inom det internationella rättssamfundet, men som likväl kan ge upphov till jurisdiktionIt is not uncommon for parties to a domestic dispute to come from different countries. When a dispute between parties with different international connections is initiated, questions sometimes arise as to which country’s court has jurisdiction to hear the dispute and which country’s law should apply to the dispute. A somewhat more obscure issue within the international legal community, but which c
En skiljekärande är oförhindrad att under ett pågående skiljeförfarande överlåta sitt anspråk till tredje man. Det i förfarandet omtvistade rättsförhållandet kan alltså, genom så kallad singularsuccession, övergå till annan än de ursprungliga parterna. För flera av de spörsmål som aktualiseras vid singularsuccession under skiljeförfarande saknas specifika uttalanden i de allmänt accepterade rättskA claimant is not prevented from assigning his claim to a third party during ongoing arbitration proceedings. The legal relationship in dispute in the proceedings can thus be transferred to someone other than the original parties by means of so called singular succession. For several of the issues raised by singular succession in arbitration, there are no specific statements in the generally accep
As the global climate crisis continues to develop, the significance of climate policies in creating sustainable mitigation and adaptation plans to prevent climate change’s adverse effects increases. The ability of climate policies to effectively address those most affected is crucial to prevent disparities among people. In Uganda, women, especially those who are in a vulnerable state due to overla
Denna uppsats undersöker hur EU:s konkurrensrätt tillämpas i idrottssammanhang, och hur detta har utvecklats i ljuset av EU-domstolens avgörande i Superleague. Mer specifikt utreds hur den europeiska idrottsmodellen och dess särskilda egenskaper beaktas vid tillämpningen av artikel 101 och 102 FEUF och vilken betydelse artikel 165 FEUF har. EU:s institutioner erkänner idrottens särart och uppmärksThis essay examines how EU competition law is applied in a sporting context, and how this has developed in the light of the European Court of Justice’s (ECJ) judgement in Superleague. More specifically, it investigates how the European sports model and its special characteristics are considered when applying article 101 and 102 TFEU, and what significance article 165 TFEU has. The institutions of
In this paper I have asked how EU parliament politicians uses arguments to discuss the situation in Catalonia, hoping to be able to cast light on EU view of separatism within the union. Within the EU there are several separatist cases, France, Belgium, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom (which was part of EU until quite recently). This means that separatism is a delicate political question, but b
As a result of social distancing during the Covid–19 pandemic the digital realm has been subject to an increasing amount of content where women are emphasizing their roles as wives, ‘homemakers’, and mothers, widening the online community of the ‘momosphere’. This paper examines how a particular subcategory of the momosphere perpetuates a particular vision of female gender on the social media plat
Psykiskt våld är i viss utsträckning kriminaliserat genom befintliga straffbud. Utredningar påvisar dock att dessa straffbud sällan tillämpas på psykiskt våld trots att bestämmelsernas ordalydelse tillåter det. Psykiskt våld har därför varit föremål för åtskilliga lagstiftningsprojekt genom åren. Att kriminalisera psykiskt våld särskilt har emellertid aldrig ansetts möjligt enligt de lydelser som Psychological violence is to some extent criminalized by existing penal provisions. Nonetheless, studies show that these provisions are rarely applied to psychological violence, even though the wording of the provisions allows it. Psychological violence has therefore been the subject of several legislative projects over the years. However, specifically criminalizing psychological violence has neve
I denna uppsats undersöks Svea och Göta hovrätts användning av leuteration och arbitrering under 1600-talet. Genom införandet av Appendix år 1608 skulle flera brott som tidigare belagts med böter i stället straffas med döden. Dödsstraff förekom även i de svenska landskapslagarna, för bland annat stöld och grova våldsbrott. Trots att lagen föreskrev stränga straff tenderade hovrätten att förmildra The purpose of this paper is to examine different explanations for the use of leuteration and arbitration by the Svea and Göta Court of Appeal, between 1614 and 1680. The process of leuteration and arbitration has been examined through the historical context of the time, and the comprehension of the sources of law. The Svea Court of Appeal was established by the 1614 Ordinance of Judicial Proced
Concerto for Double Bass and Orchestra by Eduard Tubin is considered to be one of the most challenging pieces of the double bass repertoire as it is known to be a physically demanding work. It was written for double bass player Ludvig Juht who was a physically big built man and welcomed the technical challenges. This thesis aims to analyze these challenges of the piece for a player with smaller ph
Huvudregeln vid återvinning till konkursbo är så kallad återvinning in natura (att den återvunna egendomen återlämnas till konkursboet). I vissa fall, till exempel när egendomen inte finns i behåll, ska konkursboet i stället ersättas med egendomens värde, så kallad värdeersättning. Vid värdeförändringar av återvinningsegendomen uppstår frågan om vilken värdetidpunkt som bör användas för beräkningeThe general rule in the case of recovery to the bankruptcy estate is so-called recovery in kind (the recovered property is returned to the bankruptcy estate). In some cases, for example when the property is not retained, the bankruptcy estate must instead be compensated with the value of the property, so-called value compensation. In the case of changes in the value of the recovered property, the
33 och 36 §§ i lagen (1915:218) om avtal och andra rättshandlingar på förmögenhetsrättens område (AvtL) är båda generalklausuler som utgör en del av avtalsrättens ogiltighetsregler, men 36 § AvtL har ett betydligt större tillämpningsområde. Av detta skäl har 33 § AvtL beskrivits som i princip helt överflödig. Relativt nyligen kom dock en dom från PMÖD, där 33 § AvtL med framgång åberopades för attBoth section 33 and section 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act (1915:218) are general clauses which are a part of the field of contract law, but section 36 has a much greater scope of application. For this reason, section 33 has been described as redundant. However, in a recent judgement from the Patent and Market Court of Appeal section 33 was successfully used to force a gambling company to pay bac
Rätten att häva gäller som en allmän obligationsrättslig princip. Det är emellertid omdiskuterat vad som innefattas i begreppet hävning; vad som krävs för att det ska föreligga hävningsrätt och vilka rättsverkningar en hävningsförklaring aktualiserar. Uppsatsen tar avstamp i hävning från allmän obligationsrättslig utgångspunkt. Därefter inriktas uppsatsen på en särskild avtalstyp, närmare bestämThe right to terminate a contract is considered a general principle. However, there is no uniform understanding of the conditions required for the existence of a right to terminate or the legal consequences of termination. The purpose of the thesis is to analyze termination of construction contracts and particularly delay as a ground for termination, in the light of general contract law. The inter
