Lagen (2002:599) om grupprättegång (GrL) trädde i kraft i januari 2003. Grupptalanförfarandet är intressant ur ett rättsvetenskapligt perspektiv eftersom taleformen skiljer sig mycket åt från den traditionella civilrättsliga tvåpartsprocessen i svensk rätt. Dess tillkomst är en reaktion på ändrade samhällsförhållanden och ett nytt affärsklimat som har bidragit till nya rättsliga problem. Det uppstIn January 2003, the Swedish Act (2002:599) on Group Litigations (GrL) came into force. It stipulated a possibility to initiate a Class Action in Swedish Courts. The Class Action as a litigation form is very different from the traditional civil proceedings in Swedish law. It is a reaction to changing social conditions and a new business climate that has contributed to new legal issues. During the

The legislation for energy consumption in homes has been strengthened in recent years. In pursuit of energy-efficient homes various forms of low-energy houses have been developed, including Passive Houses. Progress has been made regarding walls, windows and roofs to create a low U-value, while the foundation of the house has been put aside from energy saving point of view. For that reason the aim

ABSTRACT Today the retail sector distribution channels for fruits and vegetables, heading towards Swedish consumers, often involve large channel members as producer organisations, distributors and retailers working with cost efficient economies of scale and centralised purchasing organisations. These circumstances make it difficult for growers operating on a small scale. In their wish to expand ma

Den här uppsatsen handlar om nationella institutioner för mänskliga rättigheter, även kallade NHRIs (National Human Rights Institutions) och reglerna som styr dem. De nationella institutionernas verkliga genombrott kom med antagandet av en samling principer 1991, Parisprinciperna, som sedan dess har omhuldats av Förenta Nationernas olika organ. Principerna reglerar mandatet, uppgifterna, oberoendeDen här uppsatsen handlar om nationella institutioner för mänskliga rättigheter, även kallade NHRIs (National Human Rights Institutions) och reglerna som styr dem. De nationella institutionernas verkliga genombrott kom med antagandet av en samling principer 1991, Parisprinciperna, som sedan dess har omhuldats av Förenta Nationernas olika organ. Principerna reglerar mandatet, uppgifterna, oberoende

The doctrine of joint criminal enterprise (JCE) is a form of individual criminal liability in international criminal law. This doctrine was formed by the Appeals Chamber of the ICTY in the Tadić Case in 1999. Since then, the JCE has grown to play a major role in the charges and convictions before international criminal tribunal. Due to this doctrine, the members who formed the criminal plan are re

The Swedish household debt has been quite high and increasing for the past 30 years. In this thesis I tried to find the underlying reasons for the development in the long-run by using the Engle-Granger two-step model for co-integration but found that there was no co-integration between the household debt to disposable income ratio and the chosen variables. In the short-run analysis I de-trended al

I detta examensarbete behandlas integrationsklausuler i svensk, engelsk och amerikansk rätt. Syftet är dels att utreda vilken rättsverkan integrationsklausuler är avsedda att medföra och i vilken grad de fyller sin funktion i engelsk respektive amerikansk rätt, dels att undersöka i vilken utsträckning samma rättsverkan kan tillerkännas integrationsklausuler i avtal på vilka svensk rätt är tillämplThis thesis deals with merger clauses, also known as integration clauses or entire agreement clauses, in Swedish, English and US law. The purpose is firstly to examine what legal effect merger clauses are designed to achieve and to what extent they are recognized as having that legal effect in English and US law respectively, and secondly to examine to what extent merger clauses can achieve the sa

I januari 2009 fick en student vid ett vuxengymnasium i Tensta besked om att hon inte tilläts bära niqab i skolan. Niqaben, som är en heltäckande slöja där endast ögonen är synliga, medförde enligt skolan pedagogiska svårigheter såväl som säkerhetsrisker. Händelsen anmäldes till Diskrimineringsombudsmannen och studenten tilläts gå kvar på skolan i väntan på myndighetens beslut. Frågan om dylika heIn January of 2009 a student at an upper secondary school for adults in Tensta was informed that she was not allowed to wear a niqab to school. According to the school board, the niqab, which is a full veil that leaves only the eyes fully visible, implied both security risks as well as pedagogical difficulties. The incident was reported to the Equality Ombudsman, and awaiting the Ombudsman’s decis

Jag har i denna uppsats beskrivit J. L. Mackies teori om orsaker så som villkorssatser, och jag har försökt utvärdera om hans förslag om orsaker som INUS-villkor är hållbart. Det är ingen tvekan om att ”INUS-villkor” är en mer precis och användbar term än ”orsak”. När det gäller de övriga delarna av Mackies teori finns det många tveksamheter. Kim kritiserar i första hand oklarheten i vilket samban

I artikeln ”Meaning” diskuterade Grice två betydelser hos ordet ”meaning”; den naturliga och den ickenaturliga bemärkelsen. De naturliga tecknen uppfattas som objektivt förbundna med sin betydelse. På ett paradoxalt sätt ligger det i linje med detta att Grice i sina analyser av ickenaturlig mening redogör för sina föranalytiska exempel, där något betyder någonting, genom att förklara vad det inneb

Allteftersom hotet från sjöröveri har växt under 2000-talet har rederinäringen tvingats hitta sätt att hantera och fördela riskerna. Denna uppsats behandlar branschens kanske främsta riskfördelningsinstrument (i förhållande till sjöröveri) – standardavtal och försäkringar. I första hand ligger fokus på standardavtalens klausuler om “off-hire”. I andra hand tas även frågor om kringliggande klausuleAs the threat of piracy has gradually grown by the early 21st century the shipping industry has been forced to find ways to handle and apportion risks. In regard of piracy this thesis treats two main risk handling tools of the shipping industry – the standard forms and insurance. Focus lies mainly with the standard form clauses on “off-hire”. Also related clauses will be brought under the light as

This thesis studies and identifies effects of income growth and income inequality on poverty in Honduras. A Poverty Reduction Strategy (PRS) was implemented in Honduras in 2001 with the goal to reduce poverty by half by 2015. Since carrying out of PRS, poverty and inequality has only decreased slightly and growth in income has been small. The effects of growth in income and changes in the income d

Samhället går mot en tid av individualisering och jag ser coaching som ett resultat av det individualiserade samhället Coaching är en metod som används för vägledning, genom att coachen hjälper sin klient att sätta upp mål och sedan följa en struktur för att nå till dessa mål. Coaching är på frammarsch i det svenska samhället. Syfte med studien är att undersöka den diskursen kring coaching med fok

The growing energy prices and energy consumption caused the interest about buildings with low energy consumption such as Passive house. Energy demand in households accounts for around one forth of the final energy needs in the EU (Intelligent Energy Europe 2006), and it is a potential for energy demand reduction. At the same time, environment protection with a reduction of CO2 emissions nowadays i

Water wheel is non-polluting electricity generation plants that harness the energy available in natural water sources. A channeling device is added to the water wheel to concentrate the flows energy into the turbine. Calculations of a number of different blade and channeling device geometries have carried out by using the commercial computational fluid dynamic software Fluent. Sliding mech model w

Chemical Loping Combustion (CLC) is a novel combustion technology in which the exhaust gas is inherently divided into oxygen depleted air in one stream and CO2 and water vapour in another. This is however under the ideal condition that the fuel conversion is complete, i.e. all the hydrocarbons in the fuel is transformed to heat, water vapour and CO2. The CO2 capture rate can under such ideal condi

When traditions have been changed to suit the needs of the day, they are actually no longer ancient, immemorial or unalterable. This kind of traditions is defined as ‘invented tradition’ by Eric Hobsbawn and Terence Ranger. If the definition is applied to the traditions of East Asia, traditional Chinese music by 12 Girls Band and traditional Japanese music by Kodo are representative illustrations.

In the 1990s, since the Liberal Democratic Party (LDP) has dominated Japanese politics for nearly forty years, making Japanese politics more democratic became a hot issue. Many politicians and political organizations in Japan had joined the debate. A bestseller book, Blueprint For A New Japan, written by Ichiro Ozawa, arguing that establishing a two‐party system is the best way to make Japan more

Aim: The aim was to create a nuanced description and understanding of cover model representations by describing, analysing and interpreting stereotypical gender portrayals on the cover of Vogue China. Methodology: The thesis has a qualitative research design inspired by practices within hermeneutics and case study research. The empirical material was analysed by semiotic analysis and a complementa

Internprissättningen spelar en allt större roll för multinationella företagsgrupper. EU-domstolen meddelade i början av 2010 dom i målet C-311/08 SGI i vilken de belgiska internprissättningsreglerna prövades. Domen har även betydelse för andra medlemsstater, och ett syfte med denna uppsats är att undersöka vilka implikationer domen har för motsvarande svenska regler. Internprissättningen bygger påTransfer pricing is becoming more and more important for multinational enterprises. In the beginning of 2010, the European Court of Justice passed an important judgment in case C-311/08 SGI in which the belgian transfer pricing rules were scrutinize, and the ruling should also be of importance to other member states. One purpose of this master thesis is to examine the implications this has on the