Piloderma sp., a wood ash-colonizing ectomycorrhizal (EM) fungus, was grown symbiotically with Norway spruce in microcosms which contained granules of hardened wood ash. Mycelium close to the granules was sampled 3 times over a period of 11 weeks and the elemental content was investigated with particle induced X-ray emission. Mycelium from microcosms without wood ash was used as controls. The cont

Several different factors may determine where species range limits are located within regions of otherwise continuously available habitat and suitable climate. Within the Arctic tundra biome many bird species are migratory and their breeding distributions are affected by migration routes that are in turn limited by factors such as suitable winter habitat, migratory stopover sites, geographical bar

Photofragmentation of small argon clusters with size below ten atoms is reported. In this size range significant modifications from the electronic properties and geometry take place. When tuning the photon energy through the argon 2p edge, the fragmentation pattern is changed. Specifically, cation dimer production is enhanced at the 2p(3/2)-> 4s resonance, while above the 2p edge almost complete a

Interdigitated electrodes made up of two individually addressable interdigitated comb-like electrode structures have frequently been suggested as ultra sensitive electrochemical biosensors. Since the signal enhancement effects due to cycling of the reduced and oxidized species are strongly dependent on the inter electrode distances, since the nature of the enhancement is due to overlying diffusion

We present a theory for two-particle entanglement production and detection in mesoscopic conductors at finite temperature. The entanglement of the density matrix projected out of the emitted many-body state differs from the entanglement of the reduced density matrix, detectable by current correlation measurements. Under general conditions reduced entanglement constitutes a witness for projected en

Demonstration of increased vascular cold reactivity in patients with Raynaud's syndrome is difficult. For medico-legal reasons, it is important to get objective measures of vasospasm in these patients. Evaluation of the degree of vasospasm also provides prognostic information which is useful for patient management. In this study, we compare two methods of arterial circulation measurement. The lase

Although cleaning removes fouling, it may change the properties of membranes and consequently influence their performance. We have evaluated the combined effect of acidic/alkaline cleaning and temperature on the performance of two aromatic membranes, one a reverse osmosis membrane (HR98PP) and the other a nanofiltration membrane (NF90), two semi-aromatic polypiperazine membranes (NF200, NFT 50) an

In a game of incomplete information we analyze the consequences of giving an employer access to imperfect genetic information about his employees. The employer chooses whether to invest in the employee and the employee chooses a life style. We derive the condition for markets of information services to exist and the conditions for when it is beneficial to the various parties. In one specification

Nine different germ-line mutations in the BRCA1 breast and ovarian cancer susceptibility gene were identified in 15 of 47 kindreds from southern Sweden, by use of SSCP and heteroduplex analysis of all exons and flanking intron region and by a protein-truncation test for exon 11, followed by direct sequencing. All but one of the mutations are predicted to give rise to premature translation terminat

The paper considers a problem of routing, protection and load balancing in the IP/MPLS network. A network design problem combining all these aspects is presented. Proportionally fair distribution of residual bandwidths on links is used for load balancing, and protection is achieved with failure-dependent backup paths. The efficiency of the proposed approach is tested by combining optimization and

Geophysical and hydrochemical surveys were used to investigate the hydrogeological conditions in one of the Rio Sucio microbasins, in central Nicaragua. Zones of vertical structures (i.e. fractures and quartz veins) and weathering were mapped using Continuous Vertical Electrical Soundings (CVES), as such zones are of major importance for groundwater transport. Water from the springs was analysed t

The physico-chemical aspects of three native Andean starches from Arracacha xanthorriza, Canna edulis and Oxalis tuberosa were investigated. Scanning electron microscopy-investigations showed that granules of A. xanthorriza were the smallest with irregular shape and sizes between 7 and 23 pm, whereas granules of O. tuberosa and C. edulis were both ovally shaped with granular sizes between 20 and 5

Whether migrating birds compensate fur wind drift or not has been discussed frequently during the last decades. Observed behaviours seem to differ between species and situations. Even though complete compensation allows a bird to fly the shortest distance during its migration, this is not necessarily the optimal solution in all cases. There are certain situations when drifting with the wind, and t

Background: Guidelines for the prevention of coronary heart disease call for low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) reduction as the primary target of treatment and reduction of triglycerides (TG) as an additional target. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the ability of atorvastatin and simvastatin to reduce LDL-C and TG concentrations and to meet 3 target lipid levels:

The role of electrostatic interactions in the assembly of a native protein structure was studied using fragment complementation. Contributions of salt, pH, or surface charges to the kinetics and equilibrium of calbindin D-9k reconstitution was measured in the presence of Ca2+ using surface plasmon resonance and isothermal titration calorimetry. Whereas surface charge substitutions primarily affect

Background Body Mass Index (BMI) is often used as a surrogate estimate of body fat in epidemiological studies. This study explores the association between BMI, body fat and body fat distribution assessed by Dual-Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) in younger children. Methods Cross-sectional study of 246 children (138 boys and 108 girls) aged 8-11 years. DXA was used to quantify abdominal fat mass (

Biomass cofiring in existing coal-fired boilers has emerged as a prospective option for voluntary reduction in CO2 emissions to mitigate the global warming problem. However, the associated cost increase plays a crucial role for this retrofitting. A techno-economic model for the estimation of economics of cofiring is presented in this paper using the pilot plant test results for biomass cofiring an