On Creation, Nature, and the Ethical Self: a Comparative Analysis of Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ, al-Rāghib al-Iṣfahānī, and Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī : عن الخَلق والطبيعة والذات الأخلاقية: تحليلٌ مقارنٌ لأفكار إخوانِ الصفاء والراغبِ الأصفهانيّ وأبي حامد الغزالي
In this paper, I examine ideas on creation, nature, and the ethical self as conceptual-ized by the Ikhwān al-Ṣafāʾ (Brethren of Purity, fl. ca. 350–369/961–980) and al-Rāghibal-Iṣfahānī (d. before 409/1018), with a particular focus on Abū Ḥāmid al-Ghazālī(d. 505/1111). Drawing from the classical scholarship on kalā m, taṣawwuf, and falsafa,I analyze texts by these ethicists who wrote on nature an