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Entreprenader omsätter inte sällan stora mängder pengar, och pågår ofta över långa perioder. På grund av detta är det av särskild vikt att förstå vilka arbeten som omfattas av det ursprungliga kontraktet, och vilka som ska anses vara arbeten som entreprenören inte borde ha förutsett vid sin beräkning av anbudet. Vid sin anbudsberäkning utgår entreprenören ifrån det förfrågningsunderlag som beställConstruction contracts often involve large amounts of money and require that commitments are made over large periods of time. Because of this it is important to understand what work is covered by the initial contract, and what work is not covered since the contractor should not have foreseen such work when calculating its tender. The contractor uses the tender documents which the client has provid

Med modern teknik inom artificiell intelligens (AI) kan datorprogram lära sig spela spel genom att öva. I mitt examensarbete lär sig ett datorprogram spela luffarschack (5-i-rad) genom att spela 200 000 partier mot sig själv. I början spelar programmet helt slumpmässigt, men till slut är det väldigt svårslaget. Brädspel har en lång historia inom AI-forskningen. De är med sin unika kombination avTemporal difference learning is considered one of the most successful methods in reinforcement learning. Recent developments in deep learning have opened up a new world of opportunities. In this project, we compare classic scalar temporal difference learning with three new distributional algorithms for playing the game of 5-in-a-row using deep neural networks: distributional temporal difference le

This paper investigates different retrofit solutions simulated in a commercial building from the 1960s. All improvements were simulated in the IDA ICE software and the Global Warming Potential was calculated with the help of Eco Bat. During the investigation a cost-effective solution was indicated with the help of a life cycle cost calculation. Then the environmental impact of each proposal was es

This thesis explores the understudied topic of the Kurdish women’s movement in Iraq. The study takes a critical look at institutionalization of the struggle for gender equality. Drawing on the ten interviews conducted with women activists in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, this study describes and analyzes their concerns about how institutionalizing the struggle has not only weakened the Kurdish wom

Purpose – This paper aims to explore online brand communities on social media platforms, built by B2B companies in the machinery equipment industry, and how these virtual spaces can contribute to relationship marketing and corporate brand building. Design/methodology/approach – The paper adopts both literature review and a multiple case study approach of two companies, Caterpillar and John Deere,

Introduction: Brand rejuvenation stands for bringing brand up-to-date. Any brand might face at some point an aging issue. One way to handle this issue is to perform brand rejuvenation. However, the process of brand rejuvenation is not a simple process for the company. There are various aspects that might affect the process which can turn into negative results. In this paper, we investigated the La

Syftet med mitt arbete är att utveckla min egen interpretation av andra satsen i Haydns cellokonsert i C-dur. Genom att systematiskt lyssna på hur ett antal berömda cellister tolkat musiken, genom att jämföra parametrarna tempo, vibrato, dynamik och frasering har jag kunnat upptäcka vissa samband och avvikelser mellan tolkningarna. Med hjälp av denna nya kunskap har det varit möjligt för mig att mThe purpose of this study was to develop my own interpretation of the second movement of Haydn’s cello concerto in C major. By systematically listening to how famous cellists have interpreted this piece, and by comparing the parameters tempo, vibrato, dynamics and phrasing, I have been able to discover certain connections and differences between the interpretations. With help of this knowledge it

Violence against women is a serious human rights violation and a major cause of reduced of life, distress, injury and death for female. According to World Health Organization, 1 in 3 women around the world experience physical or sexual violence, mostly by an intimate partner. This study attempts to contribute to our understanding the problem of violence against women and State obligation with a f

Tidigare forskning har visat att mobbningsinblandning korrelerar med psykisk ohälsa och olika sociala riskfaktorer både för de som utsätts för mobbning, de som mobbar andra och de som både blir utsatta och utsätter andra. Framför allt den sista gruppen har visats ha en större psykisk ohälsa och ett ökat samband med andra sociala riskfaktorer. Det finns också forskning om kumulativ utsatthet som viPrevious research has shown that bullying involvement correlates to poor mental health and social risk factors both for those being bullied, those who bully and those who both bully and are being bullied. The group involved both as perpetrators and victims of bullying have an even worse mental health and an increased correlation to other social risk factors. There is also research about cumulative

Åklagarens objektivitetsplikt har under de senaste åren blivit särskilt uppmärksammad med anledning av Thomas Quick-fallet. Under 90-talet erkände Quick ett 30-tal mord, varav han blev dömd för åtta av dem. Emellertid förändrades allt år 2008 när Quick tog tillbaka sina erkännanden. Detta ledde till ett antal omprövningar, där han så småningom blev friad från samtliga åtal. I såväl domstolar som mIn recent years, the prosecutor's duty to act objectively has received special attention due to the case of Thomas Quick. During the 90’s, Quick confessed to over 30 murders, of which he was convicted for eight of them. However, all this changed in the year of 2008 when he took back his confessions. This led to a number of re-trials, where Quick eventually was cleared from all charges. Extensi

Over the past two decades several central banks have to varying extent and over different periods used unconventional monetary policy in order to govern stubbornly low inflation rates. As policy rates decrease to near zero or even negative levels for prolonged periods of time, the risk premium on financial markets as well as the cost of debt is altered. This thesis examines how equity valuations o

Syftet med denna uppsats är att undersöka hur ett aktiebolags utgifter hänförliga till klimatkompensation behandlas vid inkomstbeskattning. För att uppnå detta syfte tillämpas en traditionell rättsdogmatisk metod. Lagtexten innehåller inte någon särskild reglering avseende avdragsrätt för klimatkompensationsutgifter, vilket resulterar i att bedömningen baseras på de allmänna reglerna om avdragsrätThe purpose of this essay is to investigate how limited liability companies’ expenses related to carbon offset are treated in the event of income taxation. To accomplish this purpose a legal dogmatic method has been applied. The law contains no specific regulation concerning the deductibility of costs attributable to carbon offset and, as a result, the assessment is made based on the general rules

I det generella begreppet våldtäkt har våld inbegripits som en självklar omständighet i många hundra år. Det har även varit ett krav i lagstiftning. I dagens sexualbrottslagstiftning är det inte längre ett krav. En våldtäkt kan begås på internet genom medgärningsmannaskap eller om det med hänsyn till kränkningens allvar är att jämföra med samlag. Av media framkommer det att detta är något unikt föFor hundreds of years, violence has been included as an integral part in the general definition of rape as well as a requirement in the legislation of rape offense charges. Today, however, violence is no longer a requirement in sexual offenses legislation. A rape can be committed on the internet through fellowship or if it is compared to sexual intercourse, given the gravity of the violation. From

Uppsatsens syfte är att undersöka om pluralistiska element i proportionella valsystem resulterar i ett färre antal effektiva partier i parlamentet, jämfört med stater som har rent proportionella valsystem. Detta undersöks genom att jämföra två stater, Tyskland och Nya Zeeland som använder valsystem med pluralistiska komponenter med stater som har proportionella valsystem och som samtidigt delar må

Up to this date, only a few silk hydrogels were reported to be injectable. Of these, none are truly biomimetic, and are instead comprised of blends with limited amounts of silk. Hence, no truly silk-based hydrogels exist as of today. From the reported injectable matrices, only a few have considered the natural progressive acidification to which silk proteins are exposed before spinning. Adding to

This project was designed as part of the Bachelor Studio Contemporary Architecture at the Faculty of Engineering at Lund University. The aim of the course was to explore different ways in which architecture can embody and visualise both poetic and technical qualities. I did this by designing a crematorium with associated chapels, cremation room and columbarium. The design process has been guided

Den här uppsatsen är inspirerad av det kollektivavtal som ingicks av Sveriges Hamnar och Svenska Hamnarbetarförbundet våren 2019. Sveriges Hamnar hade redan ett kollektivavtal sedan tidigare. Under förhandlingarna föreslogs ett avtalsvillkor som innebar att enbart Svenska Transportarbetareförbundet, som hade träffat det första avtalet, skulle ha rätt att ingå i förhandlingar om lokala avtal. KlausThis paper is inspired by the collective agreement that was concluded between Ports of Sweden and the Swedish Dockworkers Union in the spring of 2019. Ports of Sweden was already bound by another collective agreement. During the negotiations a contractual condition was proposed which expressed that only the Swedish Transport Workers’ Union, the party of the prior agreement, would have the right to

This thesis follows the short path drawn by scholars in the empirical study of CE value propositions, aiming to provide answers to how firms attempt to shape urban mobility consumption in practice. For doing so, this paper takes over the empirical study of the value propositions of ten innovative shared mobility business models which constitute on its own some practical examples of circular busine

Ryggmärgsvätskan, eller cerebrospinalvätskan, är en klar, plasmaliknande vätska som fyller ventriklarna (hålrum i hjärnan) och rummen innanför kraniet och ryggraden. Ryggmärgsvätskan hjälper till att upprätthålla immunförsvaret och balansen av viktiga ämnen. Det agerar även som transportsystem för slaggprodukter ut ur det centrala nervsystemet för lösa ämnen som inte kan passera genom blod-hjärnbaBackground The cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) is involved in several diseases and patho- physiological states, such as Alzheimer’s disease and hydrocephalus. Previous studies CSF dynamics in the brain show that the flow of the CSF depends on cardiac pulsation, time of day and respiration. Methods In this thesis, the validity of using real time phase contrast MRI in order to study CSF flow is evaluated