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Popular Abstract in Swedish Enzymet histidin dekarboxylas - en nyckelroll i bildningen av histamin Histamin är en välkänd substans som är en av orsakerna till bland annat allergiska symptom. Alla som har hösnuva känner väl till hur histamin verkar, svullnande ögon och rinnande näsa. Histamin är inblandad i en mängd olika funktioner i kroppen såsom allergiska reaktioner och inflammationer av alla Histamine is involved in a variety of physiological processes like gastric acid secretion, inflammation and neurotransmission. The production of histamine is catalysed by the enzyme histidine decarboxylase (HDC), which is a strongly regulated enzyme. Mammalian HDC mRNA encodes a protein with a molecular mass of 74 kDa, which is greater than that reported for the subunit of purified mammalian HDC,

Popular Abstract in Swedish Kliniska och experimentella studier av kortisonallergi Kortisonämnen har använts sedan 1950 talets början för att behandla olika hudsjukdomar såsom eksem och psoriasis. Redan 1959 kom de första rapporterna om kontaktallergi mot hydrokortison, ett kroppseget kortisonämne. Senare studier har visat att 4–5 % av alla patienter som allergitestas med så kallat lapptest (epikuCorticosteroids are anti-inflammatory and anti-proliferative substances that also can induce sensitization, mainly through skin contact. In a sensitized individual, it can be hard to disclose the contact allergy at patch testing because the anti-inflammatory effect may mask the allergic contact reaction. This is primarily seen when patch testing to potent corticosteroids is performed and the readi

Popular Abstract in Swedish Trastsångarnas MHC gener i klarspråk Inuti kroppen ser vi väldigt lika ut allihop; men om mina njurar skulle sluta att fungera är det inte alls säkert att just du kan donera en njure till mig. Detta beror på att våra transplantations-gener eller s.k. MHC- (Major Histocompatibility Complex) gener är olika, och vid en transplantation måste många av donatorns och mottagarIn vertebrates the Major Histocompatibility Complex (MHC) plays a central role in the specific immune defence against various pathogens. Compared with other coding genes the MHC genes exhibit an extremely high level of polymorphism that is maintained by balancing selection. The importance in the immune defence and the polymorphism make these genes interesting to study from an ecological and evolut

Popular Abstract in Swedish Bakterier av arten Streptococcus pyogenes kallas på svenska för grupp A streptokocker (GAS). Bakterien kan finnas hos människan utan att orsaka sjukdom (bärarskap) men också orsaka sjukdomar som t.ex. halsfluss och svinkoppor som även kallas impetigo. Detta är relativt milda infektioner men bör behandlas med antibiotika eftersom det kan uppstå följdsjukdomar en tid efteGroup A streptococcus (GAS) is one of the most common of bacterial pathogens infecting humans, frequently causing throat and skin infection. Some GAS strains have surface-expressed virulence factors called M proteins that bind human plasminogen with high affinity. Plasminogen is a central component of the human fibrinolytic system, and is bound by an M protein termed PAM through defined binding mo

Popular Abstract in Swedish Polymerer och tensider är molekyler som vi stöter på dagligen. Många produkter som vi använder, t.ex. tvål och tvättmedel, målarfärg eller olika läkemedel, innehåller dessa typer av molekyler. Din arvsmassa, ditt DNA, är en polymer och väggarna i dina celler är uppbyggda av s.k. lipider som är en sorts tensider. Dessa typer av molekyler har alltså väldigt stor betydelsePolyelectrolytes and oppositely charged surfactants interact through attractive electrostatic forces, which in many cases lead to phase separation already at low total concentrations. During the past 10-15 years investigations of these systems have been simplified through the use of complex salts that consist of surfactants with polymeric counterions in a 1:1 charge stoichiometry (no excess simple

Popular Abstract in Swedish Vår arvsmassa består av en cirka två meter lång tråd av DNA. Denna långa DNA-tråd är väl hoppackad och alla kärnbärande celler i kroppen har en kopia av den. Tråden kan delas upp i korta segment som utgör våra gener och mellanliggande segment vars uppgift inte är helt klarlagd. Totalt har vi enligt nuvarande beräkningar cirka 30 000 gener. Dessa gener, som innehåller koThe aim the thesis work was to study the human cystatins C, E/M, F, G, H and I both in vivo and in vitro. A mouse devoid of cystatin C was used for the cystatin C studies. The levels of cystatins C, E/M and F were measured in pleural effusion samples of patients with various lung disorders. Cystatin F protein and RNA levels were measured in the human haematopoietic cell line U937 as well as in cel

Popular Abstract in English Microbes are present everywhere in the environment and have quite an intimate relationship with humans. Much of our perception about microbes is as disease causing agents but on the other hand it is also the microbes that present cure for the disease. Besides using microbes for traditional applications, for example for providing antibiotics, production of fermented foodDemands for efficient, greener, economical and sustainable production of chemicals, materials and energy have led to development of industrial biotechnology as a key technology area to provide such products from bio-based raw materials from agricultural-, forestry- and related industrial residues and by-products. For the bio-based industry, it is essential to develop a number of building blocks or

Popular Abstract in English The world’s resources of fossil fuels are rapidly being depleted, and we now know that the combustion of these fuels leads to the emission of greenhouse gases resulting in climate change. It is therefore imperative that we develop renewable sources of fuel. The production of bioethanol in Brazil is the best example today of the introduction of a renewable fuel on a largLignocellulosic biomass refers to plant material that is composed mainly of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin. These materials are today of large interest to researchers in the field of biofuel and bioenergy. Residues for forestry and agriculture are particularly interesting since they result from crops with established cultivation procedures and technology for harvest and transportation are alr

Popular Abstract in English Deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs) are the building blocks of DNA and the balanced cellular dNTP pools are of extreme importance to maintain the genomic stability and overall function of the cell. Primarily, two different pathways exist in most of the organisms that are responsible for providing dNTPs. One is called the de novo pathway where dNTPs are formed fromThe synthesis of deoxyribonucleoside triphosphates (dNTPs), building blocks of DNA, can be achieved by two different pathways in the cell. One is called de novo synthesis and the other is known as salvage pathway. The de novo pathway involves synthesis of dNTPs by utilizing basic molecules like sugars, amino acids, CO2, NH3, etc., while in the other pathway, dNTPs are formed by salvaging intra- or

The world is today facing a serious problem with global warming, which is heading towards an appallingly high temperature level. The greater part of the overall climate science community agree that global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect, which depends largely on emitted CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel. The agreement at the COP 21 climate meeting in Paris (December 2015)The world is today facing a serious problem with global warming, which is heading towards an appallingly high temperature level. The greater part of the overall climate science community agree that global warming is caused by the greenhouse effect, which depends largely on emitted CO2 emissions from the combustion of fossil fuel. The agreement at the COP 21 climate meeting in Paris (December 2015)

Denna studie handlar om att experimentellt karakterisera ett materietillstånd som existerade under de första miljondelarna av en sekund under Big Bang, som vi kallar för Kvark-Gluon-Plasma. Med stora partikelacceleratorer som Large Hadron Collider (LHC) vid CERN, kan vi genom kärnkollisioner med mycket hög energi nå så pass extrema temperaturer och densiteter att vi kan återskapa och studera dettaIn high energy heavy ion collisions, the QCD matter undergoes a phase transition to a hot and dense strongly coupled Quark Gluon Plasma, where quarks and gluons are deconfined in a volume of nuclear dimensions. At intermediate pT, 2 < p T < 8 GeV/c, a decoupling from pure hydrodynamical flow is observed, most noticeable in central collisions, demonstrated by the peak in the ratio of baryons to mes

This thesis incorporates studies on the aqueous systems of two types of thermoresponsive amphiphilic block copolymers; a series of nonionic triblock copolymers comprising blocks of poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO) and poly(propylene oxide) (PPO) denoted as PEO-PPO-PEO block copolymers, and a series of ionic diblock copolymers consisting of one charged block and one block of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (

Popular Abstract in English Parasites and their host organisms have engaged in a desperate battle over millions of years to evolve strategies that enable continued survival of their respective species. Parasites require some key metabolites to be able to survive and reproduce inside the host that often results in damage to host, while host organisms attempt to limit or prevent this damage by severHaemosporidia is a well-studied group of parasites, which infect mammals, reptiles and birds and use blood sucking vectors for their transmission. By conducting natural population studies and experimental infections, We have been able to detect and quantify Haemosporidia from avian blood to investigate how these pathogens affect their avian hosts. We have used life history data of two long-term lo

Popular Abstract in Swedish Svensk sammanfattning Inflammation är kroppens svar på yttre störning. Det inflammatoriska svaret är nödvändigt för att bekämpa infektioner, t.ex. med bakterier. Å andra sidan orskar det inflammatoriska svaret mycket skada när det aktiveras utan närvaro av infektioner, tex vid astma, reumatism, blodförgiftning och inflammatorisk tarmsjukdom. Akut inflammation karaktäriMigration of leukocytes from the circulating blood into the extravascular tissue is a key component in inflammatory reactions. Leukocyte extravasation (rolling-activation-adhesion-transmigration) is strictly coordinated by adhesion molecules and chemokines expressed on cell surfaces and in tissues. Tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) is pleiotrophic cytokine, which plays an important role in t

During the 1970s, vocabulary knowledge was a central topic within the field of Swedish sociolinguistics, often discussed from a democratic point of view focusing on inclusion and accessibility in the society. This study links up to this tradition by reporting a survey of how the vocabulary knowledge has changed over time in Sweden, building on data from theSwedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (SweSAT)During the 1970s, vocabulary knowledge was a central topic within the field of Swedish sociolinguistics, often discussed from a democratic point of view focusing on inclusion and accessibility in the society. This study links up to this tradition by reporting a survey of how the vocabulary knowledge has changed over time in Sweden, building on data from theSwedish Scholastic Aptitude Test (SweSAT)

Världens befolkning ökar och i takt med det utbredningen av städer och urbana miljöer. Urbaniseringen är en extrem utmaning för många djurarter och antalet arter har minskat i takt med urbaniseringen. Trots detta finns det en hel del arter som tillsynes verkar blomstra i staden, mycket tack vara den rika tillgången till mat. Men så finns det en också baksida, nämligen de olika miljöföreningar som Urbanisation of natural habitats is rapidly intensifying and poses a potential global threat for wildlife. Thus, it is important to explore its impact on wildlife in order to understand the present and future threats and how resilient organisms are to them. Although many species decline in abundance or even disappear once an area is urbanised, some species, populations and/or individuals are able

The role of hybridization in evolution has been debated for more than a century regarding bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) as well as most other organisms. Bryophytes have haplodiplontic life cycles with a dominant haploid generation. Hybridization in bryophytes involves fusion of gametes produced by haploid parental gametophytes of different species. The hybrid is thus the short-livThe role of hybridization in evolution has been debated for more than a century regarding bryophytes (mosses, liverworts, and hornworts) as well as most other organisms. Bryophytes have haplodiplontic life cycles with a dominant haploid generation. Hybridization in bryophytes involves fusion of gametes produced by haploid parental gametophytes of different species. The hybrid is thus the short-liv

This thesis is about television formats and the main question if there is a need for a stronger protection than today. My reason to write about the television format that it combines two interesting areas of knowledge. The mix of media- communications and the law. It is also a question of practical aspects, what does the television business want and the theoretical side of it, what can be with law

Problemdescription As the environmental awareness grows in society customers becomes more conscious about their emissions from energy consumption. Moreover expectations are that future directives and legislations will force the energy sector to support energy efficiency towards the end user. This master thesis' challenge is to find opportunities for future changes, the key questions to answer

Popular Abstract in Swedish El-avfall (avfall från elektriska och elektroniska produkter) har under det senaste årtiondet blivit ett växande miljöproblem också i de mindre rika länderna (icke-OECD länder). Informell återvinning i u-länder har lett till att giftiga ämnen, som t.ex. bly och kvicksilver från tv-apparater, PVC från sladdar och bromerade flamskyddsmedel från plastkomponenter, har läcktWaste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) has become a salient issue in non-OECD countries. With a growing awareness about serious damages to the environment and human health from a lack of safe treatment and recycling of WEEE, there has been a search for policy responses in several of these countries. This research finds that extended producer responsibility (EPR), a policy principle that