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Effects of nitrogen and water addition on soil carbon, nitrogen, phosphorus, sulfur, and their stoichiometry along soil profile in a semi-arid steppe

Purpose: Although past studies have found well-constrained soil carbon (C)/nutrient ratios, the effects of increased nitrogen (N) and water inputs on these ratios across soil depths have rarely been assessed in semi-arid grasslands. Methods: In this study, we evaluated the contents of total C, N, phosphorus (P), sulfur (S), and their stoichiometric ratios in a 0–80 cm soil profile following 13 yea

Feather corticosterone reveals that urban great tits experience lower corticosterone exposure than forest individuals during dominance-rank establishment

Although the consequences of urbanization for the physiological health of animals are the focus of much active research, an overlooked aspect is how physiology could be indirectly modulated by the urban environment via changes in intraspecific behavioural interactions, particularly among gregarious species. Both urbanization and the establishment, as well as maintenance, of hierarchical rank posit

The selfish preen : absence of allopreening in Palaeognathae and its socio-cognitive implications

Preening behaviours are widespread in extant birds. While most birds appear to autopreen (self-directed preening), allopreening (preening directed at conspecifics) seems to have emerged only in certain species, but across many families. Allopreening has been hypothesised to reinforce mutual relationships and cooperation between individuals, and to underpin various socio-cognitive abilities. Palaeo

Digitalization of Bookkeeping in Small Organizations : The Case of Sweden

Bookkeeping and accounting is a prevalent feature of small organizations, which has changed face quite substantially with the advent of personal computers and, later, the Internet. The emergence of digitalized accounting procedures has taken place in a nexus of different types of actors (e.g., software developers, accountancy firms and the businesses themselves), regulatory frameworks (e.g., bookk

Skadestånd vid offentlig upphandling

I artikeln diskuteras de sanktioner som finns i de fall en leverantör felaktigt tilldelats ett offentligt kontrakt eller för det fall att en upphandlande myndighet underlåtit att genomföra en offentlig upphandling i relation till domstolspraxis och de nya rättsmedelsdirektiven. Vidare behandlas frågan om dessa sanktioner även är effektiva mot de upphandlande myndigheter som inte följer beslut från

Offentliga avgifter och ömsesidigt förpliktande avtal

När en kommun tillhandahåller en tjänst utgår vanligen en avgift som baserar sig på den kommunala självkostnadsprincipen. Frågan om vad som egentligen gäller om en brukare av tjänsten – t.ex. till följd av någon form av bristande (mot)prestation från kommunens sida – inte vill erlägga avgiften är dock inte självklar. Av NJA 1998 s. 656 (I) följer förvisso att tvister rörande barnomsorgsavgifter sk

From the Citizen’s Charter to Public Service Guarantees – the Swedish Model

Under the influence of the Citizenʼs Charter used in the United Kingdom many countries in Europe have started using different types of service agreements in order to improve the quality of public services. In Sweden these agreements usually are called Public Service Guarantees. The purpose of this article is to draw attention to some legal issues that might arise as a result of the use of a typica

Parternas lojalitetsplikt vid offentlig upphandling

Den snabba samhällsutvecklingen gör att juridiken ständigt ställs inför nya problem; nya fenomen gör att tidigare grundläggande antaganden och rättsliga konstruktioner snabbt kan bli föråldrade. En sådan utveckling sker kontinuerligt på såväl det offentligrättsliga som det civilrättsliga området ibland styrs förändringarna av lagstiftaren men lika ofta är det innovationer inom den s.k. marknaden o