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The enzymatic hydrolysis process can be used to produce bioethanol from softwood, which are the dominating raw material in the Northern hemisphere. This thesis deals with the development of the process focusing on the pretreatment and the enzymatic hydrolysis stages. The influence of pretreatment conditions on sugar yield, and the effect of inhibitors on the ethanol yield, were investigated for s
In this report, a long-term study of the chloride environment around a highway exposed to severe de-icing is presented. The aim of the study was to obtain data that might be used for predictions of chloride ingress in de-iced structures and thereby provide necessary input to models for service life prediction.
Popular Abstract in Swedish En valutapolitisk silver- eller guldmyntfotregim innebär att den inhemska valutan är konvertibel och har en fast växelkurs gentemot silver eller guld. Därigenom etableras även ett normvärde för växelkurserna gentemot andra länder med motsvarande ädelmetallmyntfot. Det innebär emellertid inte att de utländska växelkurserna är helt fasta. Dess variation kring normvärdet, This dissertation deals with the process of stabilisation of foreign exchange rates in Sweden between 1834 and 1880, a period in which foreign trade and the financial system underwent radical changes. Neither was the exchange rate policy static - although it changed within a stable framework of a specie standard. The aim of the dissertation is to analyse the growing stability of foreign exchange r
1 Sepsis is associated with leukocyte activation and recruitment in the liver. We investigated the role of lymphocyte function antigen-1 (LFA-1) in endotoxin-induced leukocyte-endothelium interactions, microvascular perfusion failure, hepatocellular injury and apoptosis in the liver by use of gene-targeted mice, blocking antibodies and a synthetic inhibitor of LFA-1 (LFA703). For this purpose, mic
Quantitative structural information about epitaxial arrays of nanowires are reported for a InAs/InP longitudinal heterostructure grown by chemical beam epitaxy on an InAs (111)(B) substrate. Grazing incidence X-ray diffraction allows the separation of the nanowire contribution from the substrate overgrowth and gives averaged information about crystallographic phases, epitaxial relationships (with
Replication of tobacco mosaic virus (TMV) is connected with endoplasmic reticulum (ER)-associated membranes at early stages of infection. This study reports that TMV movement protein (MP)-specific protein kinases (PKs) associated with the ER of tobacco were capable of phosphorylating Thr104 in TMV MP. The MP-specific PKs with apparent molecular masses of about 45–50 kDa and 38 kDa were revealed by
We have used the transfer matrix approach to investigate the LA phonon transmission along the [0 0 1] growth direction in GaAs/GaAlAs superlattices and in Ga1-xAlxAs alloys. Our calculated minigap in the phonon dispersion induced by the zone folding matches reasonably to the phonon filtering experiment. However, in the regime of phonon ballistic transport, we found insignificant effect of zone fol
Cognitive explanations of autism often involve higher order cognitive functions developing late in childhood, such as theory of mind, executive functions or central coherence. In home videos of infants later diagnosed with autism, children display early signs of developmental disorders, for example impaired sensorimotor functions, attention to social and non-social stimuli and a lack of circadian
Abstract is not available
A systematic review of radiation therapy trials in several tumour types was performed by The Swedish Council of Technology Assessment in Health Care (SBU). The procedures for evaluation of the scientific literature are described separately (Acta Oncol 2003; 42: 357-365). This synthesis of the literature on radiation therapy for skeletal metastases is based on data from 16 randomized trials. Moreov
Essä om det brittiska filmbolaget Hammer Film och samarbetet med Hong Kongs filmindustri i början av 1970-talet
Seventeen ETV6/RUNX1-positive pediatric acute lymphoblastic leukemias were investigated by high-resolution array-based comparative genomic hybridization ( array CGH), gene expression profiling and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Comparing the array CGH and gene expression patterns revealed that genomic imbalances conferred a great impact on the expression of genes in the affected regions. The
The individual of a species is the basic unit which responds to climate and UV-B changes, and it responds over a wide range of time scales. The diversity of animal, plant and microbial species appears to be low in the Arctic, and decreases from the boreal forests to the polar deserts of the extreme North but primitive species are particularly abundant. This latitudinal decline is associated with a
The novel pentacyclic compound cyclotokinolide B was obtained from the natural phthalide tokinolide B under basic conditions, via the chemoselective -enol lactone opening followed by a Michael addition of the generated carbanion to the enone and subsequent equilibration. This result confirms that some dimeric phthalides undergo intramolecular cyclizations in basic media.
