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The standard of proof at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a central, yet underexplored, aspect of its judicial decision-making. Although central in shaping both fact-establishment and judicial outcomes, the articulation and application of the standard of proof by the Court are marked by inconsistency and a lack of transparent justification. This inconsistency is often linked to an assumThe standard of proof at the International Court of Justice (ICJ) is a central, yet underexplored, aspect of its judicial decision-making. Although central in shaping both fact-establishment and judicial outcomes, the articulation and application of the standard of proof by the Court are marked by inconsistency and a lack of transparent justification. This inconsistency is often linked to an assum

The literature on ownership in healthcare lacks evidence from the primary care sector, where the traditional small-scale business model is increasingly complemented by larger practices owned by corporations or the government. We explore the role of ownership in primary care in relation to a core theme in health economics — the balance between fee-for-service and capitation remuneration. We study h

The cell is the fundamental unit of life and in multicellular animals, all cells are derived from stem cells. To understand how stem cell development may influence phenotypic evolution, this thesis studies a population of vertebrate stem cells known as neural crest cells (NCCs). With unparalleled potency and migratory behavior, NCCs affect many different traits spread over the entire vertebrate boThe cell is the fundamental unit of life and in multicellular animals, all cells are derived from stem cells. To understand how stem cell development may influence phenotypic evolution, this thesis studies a population of vertebrate stem cells known as neural crest cells (NCCs). With unparalleled potency and migratory behavior, NCCs affect many different traits spread over the entire vertebrate bo

While many studies have examined carbon dynamics of boreal ecosystems following wildfire, research on forest-atmosphere carbon fluxes during widespread smoke events from adjacent active wildfires is limited. We examined eddy covariance carbon exchange adjacent to the May 2011 Utikuma Complex wildfire in central Alberta, Canada. Over a one-week period while the wildfire was burning <10 km from the

Sepsis remains a leading cause of mortality worldwide, driven by its clinical complexity and delayed recognition. Artificial intelligence (AI) offers promising solutions to improve sepsis care through earlier detection, risk stratification, and personalized treatment strategies. Key applications include AI-driven early warning systems, subphenotyping based on clinical and biological data, and deci

Industries across the globe are making arduous efforts to mitigate emissions and use greener ways of transporting goods and delivering services. The supply chain includes all the activities which involve producing, transporting, and distributing goods and services, contributing to a major portion of worldwide emissions. Road transport contributes majorly to emissions; therefore, focusing on net-ze

This chapter scrutinizes the European Union (EU)’s response to the crisis engulfing the European security order, within the broader context of global value contestation. Focused on the aftermath of Russia’s incursion into Ukraine, the chapter delineates the EU’s role evolution, transitioning from a security promoter to a pragmatic actor and responsible stakeholder in global governance. This shift

This study introduces an efficient workflow for functional data analysis in classification problems, utilizing advanced orthogonal spline bases. The methodology is based on the flexible Splinets package, featuring a novel spline representation designed for enhanced data efficiency. The focus here is to show that the novel features make the package a powerful and efficient tool for advanced functio

Background: Eosinophil-derived neurotoxin (EDN), an eosinophil granule protein, is a candidate biomarker in asthma to reflect eosinophilic activation. Objective: We sought to characterize the distribution of serum and nasal lavage fluid (NLF) EDN levels in different adult population subgroups and assess the determinants of high EDN levels. Methods: Serum and NLF samples were collected from a popul

Work in developmental pragmatics has shown that even though infants display refined mindreading abilities, older children struggle to understand language phenomena that rely on mindreading. This apparent mismatch might be partially explained by considering children's growing sensitivity to social categories such as their interlocutor's age. Based on recent work in philosophy of mind, we investigat