We consider least-squares approximation of a function of one variable by a continuous, piecewise-linear approximand that has a small number of breakpoints. This problem was notably considered by Bellman who proposed an approximate algorithm based on dynamic programming. Many suboptimal approaches have been suggested, but so far, the only exact methods resort to mixed integer programming with super

Emulsion formation is a challenging task. Breaking a large drop into smaller fragments gives rise to an increase in the total interfacial area and, consequently, in the interfacial energy. External energy must, therefore, be supplied to form an emulsion. Nanoemulsion formation is even more challenging since small drops require even higher interfacial energy.The high-energy methods are designed to

High-pressure valve homogenization is a standard technique for nanoemulsion formation in low-viscosity formulations. It is applied extensively in industrial applications and in academic research. This chapter summarizes the scientific-based knowledge in terms of principal mechanisms of operation and practical applicability of the methodology. It is concluded that high-pressure valve homogenization

The high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) is, together with the rotor–stator mixer (RSM), the standard equipment for emulsification in many fields of chemical processing. Both give rise to intense turbulence which, in turn, gives rise to drop breakup. Previous investigations focus on average turbulent disruptive stress. However, turbulence is a stochastic phenomenon and drop breakup will be characterize

Unhealthy food in advertising has been suggested as a mediator for the increase in diet-related illness. This study quantitatively investigates changes in food advertising between 1995 and 2014 in terms of food categories promoted, macronutrient content, and percentage of foods classified as heathy or unhealthy from a sample of 7,199 ads from three Swedish food magazines. With the exception of inc

The high-pressure homogenizer (HPH) is used extensively in the processing of non-solid foods. Food researchers and producers use HPHs of different scales, from laboratory-scale (∼10 L/h) to the largest production-scale machines (∼50 000 L/h). Hence, the process design and interpretation of academic findings regarding industrial condition requires an understanding of differences between scales. Thi

Aims: To investigate the trends in nutritional compliance of recipes from a Swedish food magazine to offer a perspective on the effects of home cooking on public health. Methods: The nutritional content of 654 recipes from magazine issues published in 1970, 1980, 2000, and 2010 were collected. The recipes were analyzed for macronutrient energy contribution, sodium content, and composition. Results

Mechanistic understanding of industrial food-emulsification is necessary for optimal operation and design. Industrial mayonnaise production is yet poorly understood, partly due to a lack of experimental data and partly due to the complexity of the product. This study suggests a systematic method for building mechanistic insight, by investigating successively more complex model emulsions in industr

Emulsification is a common process in the production in many non-solid foods. These food-emulsions often have high disperse phase volume fractions and slow emulsifier dynamics, giving rise to substantial coalescence during emulsification. Optimal design and operation of food-emulsification requires experimental methods to study how emulsification in general and coalescence in particular progresses

Food-emulsions often have high volume fractions of dispersed phase and are thus expected to show coalescence during emulsification, however, food-emulsion coalescence is difficult to measure in homogenizer equipment. This study experimentally estimates the rates of fragmentation and coalescence in a high viscosity and high volume fraction model emulsion subjected to pilot-scale rotor-stator mixing

Historically, home economics (HE) in general, and the consumer education sections in particular, have been criticized for transferring norms and values of conservative elites to the masses. This is in stark contrast to contemporary theoretical views of a modern HE aimed at educating emancipated and critical citizens, and also to modern curricula that emphasize the consequences of consumption rathe

Almost two thirds of home economics (HE) teachers in Sweden are formally unqualified (FU). Historically, HE has focused more on fostering and prescribing the 'right' choices whereas the modern (2011-) curriculum focuses on teaching consequences of choices and giving students tools for assessing alternatives. Restraining from prescribing norms requires a high degree of professionalism. The objectiv

Background: Health-related illnesses such as obesity and diabetes continue to increase, particularly in groups of low socioeconomic status. The increasing cost of nutritious food has been suggested as an explanation. Objective: To construct a price index describing the cost of a diet adhering to nutritional recommendations for a rational and knowledgeable consumer and, furthermore, to investigate

Increasing competition and regulatory changes place microsized enterprises (MSEs) in the agri-food sector under strong competitive pressure. Smallness may be a substantial barrier to success. Previous research suggests that networks can be used strategically to combat these constraints. However, there is a lack of understanding of the extent to which this finding may be applicable to MSEs and the

Overconsumption is a widely used term in science, media and among concerned consumers. What do we mean by this term? This study is based on the assumption that both the public debate on consumption and consumer research could benefit from better understanding how this term is used and from clarifying the definition. The primary aim of this study was to describe how the term 'overconsumption' is be

This paper considers a formation shape control problem for point agents in a two-dimensional ambient space, where the control is distributed, is based on achieving desired distances between nominated agent pairs, and avoids the possibility of reflection ambiguities. This has potential applications for large-scale multi-agent systems having simple information exchange structure. One solution to thi

Kottepalmer har funnits på jorden i närmare 300 miljoner år, en ofantlig tidsrymd som saknar motstycke inom den högre utvecklade växtvärlden. Kottepalmerna har dessutom överlevt två av de större utdöendena i livets historia. Nu hotas de från flera håll.

The photoproduction of ω and η mesons off carbon and niobium nuclei has been measured as a function of the meson momentum for incident photon energies of 1.2-2.9GeV at the electron accelerator ELSA. The mesons have been identified via the ω → π0 γ → 3 γ and η → π0η → 6 γ decays, respectively, registered with the CBELSA/TAPS detector system. From the measured meson momentum distributions the moment

Background: The knowledge base on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in adults with cerebral palsy (CP) is small and inconsistent. Objective: The aim was to study HRQoL in adults with CP stratified on demographic and disability-specific factors using both experience- and hypothetical-based value-sets. Methods: Cross-sectional study based on registry data from the Swedish follow-up program CPUP

The excitation function and momentum distribution of η′ mesons have been measured in photoproduction off Nb93 in the energy range of 1.2-2.9 GeV. The experiment has been performed with the combined Crystal Barrel and MiniTAPS detector system, using tagged photon beams from the ELSA electron accelerator. Information on the sign and magnitude of the real part of the η′-Nb potential has been extracte