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The assessment of sunlight access in buildings is constrained by methods that rely on simplified point-based evaluation. EN 17037 sunlight exposure evaluates sunlight at a single point on the aperture under restricted temporal conditions. This limits the representation of how sunlight interacts with the aperture over time. These characteristics reduce its applicability at early design stages. The
Women’s access to essential medicines is restricted by intersecting barriers such as economic dependence, reproductive health stigma, information gaps, and pharmaceutical R&D priorities that overlook their needs. Access to medicines is simultaneously shaped by international intellectual property law, particularly patent protection under the TRIPS Agreement, which has been criticised for restri
This thesis examines how the rise of artificial intelligence (AI) is reshaping the protection of inventions, with a focus on patents and trade secrets at the international and, particularly, European level, based on the findings’ data. It begins by defining AI from technical, legal, and economic perspectives, emphasising the growing importance of intangible assets in the modern economy, where AI-r
I andra stycket i 36 § avtalslagen anges att vid oskälighetsbedömningen ska särskild hänsyn tas till behovet av skydd för den som är konsument eller annars intager en underlägsen ställning i avtalsförhållandet. Partsställningen ska således alltid beaktas när domstolen gör en bedömning av ett avtals eller avtalsvillkors skälighet. Skyddet gäller för både konsumenter och andra avtalsparter som befinSection 36 of the Swedish Contracts Act requires courts to give particular attention to parties in an inferior position when determining whether a contract is unconscionable. This means that the court must always take the parties relative position into account when conducting the test of reasonableness. This protection extends to both consumers and non-consumers, but the law does not clearly defin
Uppsatsen behandlar förutsättningarna för att hälso- och sjukvårdspersonal ska kunna hållas straffrättsligt ansvariga för att genom oaktsam underlåtenhet ha orsakat en patients skada eller död. Särskilt fokus riktas mot orsaksbedömningen, det vill säga frågan om det föreligger ett straffrättsligt relevant orsaks-samband mellan den underlåtna åtgärden och patientens skada. Syftet är att utforska deThis thesis examines the prerequisites for holding healthcare professionals criminally liable for causing a patient’s injury or death through negligent omission. Particular focus is placed on the assessment of causation, i.e., the question of whether a criminally relevant causal link exists between the omit-ted action and the patient’s injury. The purpose is to explore the actual possi-bilities of
Denna uppsats undersöker rättslig integrering, tillämpning och rättslig inramning av arbetstagares rättigheter inom ramen för Global Gateway-initiativets verksamhet i Uganda. Genom att tillämpa autopoietisk systemteori analyseras simultant de komplexa sambanden mellan rättsliga, politiska och ekonomiska delsystem. För att fånga både strukturell arkitektur och institutionella realiteter kompletteraThe thesis examines the legal integration, enforcement and framing of labour rights within the Global Gateway Initiative’s engagements in Uganda. Adopting an autopoietic systems theory framework, it simultaneously engages with the communicative interactions of law, politics, and economic strategy. To capture both structural architecture and institutional realities, this systemic approach is comple
I brottmål har åklagaren bevisbördan för både subjektiva och objektiva rekvisit. Det finns i lagtext inget stadgat beviskrav men med hänvisning till praxis från HD anses beviskravet ställt bortom rimligt tvivel vara allmänt gällande. I 35 kap. 1 § RB uttrycks den fria bevisprövningens princip och därigenom följer principen om fri bevisföring såväl som principen om fri bevisvärdering. Även kontradiIn criminal cases, the prosecutor carries the burden of proof. There is no statutory standard of proof in the Swedish law, but with reference to the Supreme court the standard “beyond reasonable doubt” is generally considered in force. Chapter 35 section 1 of the Swedish Code of Procedure (RB 35:1) states the principle of free assessment of evidence, which includes the principle of free presentati
Avtalet utgör den rättsliga form som avser att reglera rättsförhållanden och är kanske den mest grundläggande och bärande företeelsen inom ramen för relationer mellan rättssubjekt. Ett avtal är en rättshandling som uttrycker en viljeförklaring. Äganderätten har beskrivits som den starkaste av sakrätterna och då det i folkmun talas om äganderätt är det troligtvis den västerländska privatkapitalistiThe contract constitutes the legal form that aims to regulate legal relationships and is probably the most fundamental phenomenon within the framework of relations between legal subjects. The definition of a contract is a legal act that expresses a declaration of will. The right of ownership has been described as the strongest of the property rights. When people talk about property rights, it is p
Denna uppsats behandlar rekvisitet ”konstlat upplägg” i 24 kap. 19 a § andra stycket inkomstskattelagen. Rekvisitet infördes genom Proposition 2025/26:20 som en del av anpassningen av de svenska riktade ränteavdragsbegränsningsreglerna till EU-rätten. Syftet med uppsatsen är att analysera hur rekvisitet bör förstås och tillämpas i ljuset av EU-rättens krav på proportionalitet, rättssäkerhet och föThis thesis examines the criterion “artificial arrangement” in Chapter 24, Section 19 a, second paragraph of the Swedish Income Tax Act. The criterion was introduced through Government Bill 2025/26:20 as part of the adjustment of the Swedish targeted interest deduction limitation rules to EU law. The thesis analyses how the criterion should be understood and applied in light of the EU law requirem
DAC7-direktivet utgör en ändring av rådets direktiv 2011/16/EU om admi-nistrativt samarbete i fråga om beskattning och trädde i kraft den 1 januari 2023. Det övergripande syftet med DAC-direktiven i allmänhet är att bekämpa skattebedrägeri och skatteundandraganden samt att säkerställa en rättvis be-skattning inom unionen. DAC7-direktivet fokuserar på berörda verksamheter som bedrivs av säljare viThe DAC7-Directive constitutes an amendment to Council Directive 2011/16/EU on administrative cooperation in the field of taxation and entered into force on 1 January 2023. The overarching purpose of the DAC directives in general is to combat tax fraud and tax evasion, as well as to ensure fair taxation within the Union. The DAC7-Directive focuses on relevant activities carried out by sellers thro
Sverige saknar i dag ett särskilt konstitutionellt regelverk för hantering av allvarliga fredstida krissituationer motsvarande det som gäller vid krig och krigsfara. Erfarenheterna från covid-19-pandemin har emellertid aktualiserat frågan om den svenska konstitutionella beredskapen är tillräcklig under fredstida kriser. Mot denna bakgrund har riksdagen som vilande antagit ett grundlagsförslag om eSweden currently lacks a specific constitutional framework for managing severe peacetime crises comparable to the emergency provisions applicable in times of war or danger of war. The experiences of the COVID-19 pandemic have nevertheless raised questions regarding whether the existing constitutional framework provides sufficient capacity to respond effectively to extraordinary peacetime emergenci
Denna uppsats undersöker vilken betydelse EU-domstolens avgörande i Seraing kan få för svenska domstolars verkställighet av utländska kommersiella skiljedomar. Fokus ligger särskilt på hur ordre public-förbehållet i svensk rätt och internationell skiljerätt påverkas av EU-rättens ökade inflytande över skiljeförfaranden. Uppsatsen är skriven med dels en rättsdogmatisk, dels en EU-rättslig metod. SThis thesis examines the implications of the Seraing decision for the enforcement of foreign commercial arbitral awards in Swedish courts. The analysis focuses particularly on how the public policy exception in Swedish arbitration law may be affected by the increasing influence of European Union law on international arbitration. The thesis is written using both a legal dogmatic and EU legal method
This thesis assesses the efficiency of the EU Law’s balancing act between the software developers’ copyright protection on their respective computer programs and the software users’ right to repair their defected software based devices. This research necessitates an EU legal method, implying the comprehensive analysis of EU legislation and the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union
Regulation 2026/261 is an economic sanction package banning imports of natural gas from the Russian Federation into the European Union. Given that there are many long-term gas supply agreements between EU importers and Russian exporters, the Regulation creates a legal problem: parties can no longer perform their contractual obligations, yet the applicable law may not offer them a clear exit route.
The research examines the application of Article 101(1) TFEU to concerted practices involving indirect information exchanges facilitated through a common intermediary. It evaluates whether the existing framework governing Hub-and-Spoke arrangements are capable of addressing algorithmic collusion where pricing algorithms replace the intermediary. Through a doctrinal analysis of Article 101(1), rele
This thesis examines recent years’ unresolved conflicts on the state’s right to regulate and the protection of foreign investors in ‘climate blind’ energy agreements, such as the Energy Charter Treaty. One of the primary disputes among them is the vague language of indirect expropriation in traditional International Investment Agreements (IIAs), which mostly favours investor protection. While IIAs
Gängkriminalitet är ett ämne som framställts av flertalet svenska nyhetsartiklar under de senaste åren. Denna uppsats syftar till att undersöka hur unga kvinnor delaktiga i gängkriminalitet framställs i svenska nyhetsartiklar mellan 2023 och 2025. Den syftar även till att undersöka hur deras framställningar kan förstås i relation till samhälleliga föreställningar om kvinnlig kriminalitet. Valet gr
BackgroundCytoreductive surgery is central to the management of advanced ovarian cancer. As the extent of surgery varies widely, assessment of postoperative risk is challenging. The Karolinska Surgical Extent and Complexity Score (K-SECS) was developed to quantify surgical extent and has previously been associated with survival. This study evaluated whether K-SECS is also associated with major pos
This thesis discusses how teachers’ experiences of teaching online is related to how they chose to teach. Previous research has shown that contextual factors can influence how teachers go about their teaching, and when university courses leave the physical campus and move to an online environment, this entails a change of context. The research presented here focuses on teachers’ experiences and ch
In this thesis, a high-repetition-rate attosecond light source based on high-order harmonic generation in gases was used to perform time-resolved electron spectroscopy in atoms and solids. The source was driven by few-cycle near-infrared laser pulses with a controllable carrier-to-envelope phase, enabling the generation of sequences of two to four attosecond pulses in the extreme ultraviolet range
