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The need for a scientific formalism for product realization is the translation of a need onto a product which is developed right in time, at the right costs, and fulfills the specifications set out for the product. To achieve this, most existing methods focus on the customer, or on a key technology as the backbone of product development. In this paper, we claim that efforts must be directed toward

The elusive chimaera “design” has been, in turn, an idea, a plan, a purpose, a sketch, a process, the result of a process, the core of a profession and the core of emerging professions… As such, the concept of what design is, will remain contradictory and resist to being ever determined in the absolute: the limitations of design are those that are imposed by those who define them. On an abstract l

Föreliggande studie riktas specifikt mot hur ledande politiker och tjänstemänför de tre svenska storstäderna Göteborg, Malmö och Stockholm beskriverden urbanisering de själva är navet i. Närmare bestämt riktas intresset motstyrning för att hantera de kapacitetsutmaningar som de tre storstäderna ställsinför när de arbetar med att möta efterfrågan och rättigheten till kommunalverksamhet från allt fl

Slight bracing of steel bridges to control end-warping of their compression flanges near the end-supports can be very effective in enhancing the load-carrying capacity of the main girders that are involved. Relatively little information is available, however, regarding the stiffness and strength requirements of end-warping bracings. The results of seven large-scale laboratory tests of different co

Steel girders require stability controls for different construction stages before the lateral-torsional support from the concrete deck occurs. The load-carrying capacity of bridge girders and bracing forces generated in their bracings are very sensitive to the girders' initial imperfections in terms of both the magnitude and distribution along the span. Relatively little knowledge is available in

New durable and hydroxide ion conducting anion-exchange membranes (AEMs) are currently required in order to develop alkaline fuel cells into efficient and clean energy conversion devices. In the present work we have attached quaternary piperidinium (QPi) groups to poly(2,6-dimethyl-1,4-phenylene oxide)s (PPOs) via flexible alkyl spacer chains with the aim to prepare AEMs. The bromine atoms of brom

This paper presents a holistic approach to perform energy renovations of office buildings. A real case study is used to demonstrate how different software can be used to facilitate the work of architects and engineers during different design stages. Initially, the moisture safety of the building is coupled to its energy performance to define the optimum insulation level. The new interior layout is

We present 15 patients with megakaryocytic (Mk) blast crisis (BC) of a Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive CML confirmed by immunophenotype analysis between 1989-2000. The primary aim of this study is to define clinical, immunological, cytogenetic and laboratory characteristics of Mk BC in Ph positive CML. We have done retrospective analysis regarding basic clinical findings, immunologic phenoty

The Church has been a dominant actor in the history of care and social support, but it met several restrictions during the 20th Century. The Church of Sweden now has,since the separation from the state A.D. 2000, the possibility to act as a "welfare entrepreneur". But the willingness to do so seems limited. Even if innovative examples are seen the parishes hesitate for organisational and ideologicThe Church has been a dominant actor in the history of care and social support, but it met several restrictions during the 20th Century. The Church of Sweden now has,since the separation from the state A.D. 2000, the possibility to act as a "welfare entrepreneur". But the willingness to do so seems limited. Even if innovative examples are seen the parishes hesitate for organisational and ideologic