All molecular analyses of soil bacterial diversity are based on the extraction of a representative fraction of cellular DNA. Methods of DNA extraction for this purpose are divided into two categories: those in which cells are lysed within the soil (direct extraction) and those in which cells are first removed from soil (cell extraction) and then lysed. The purpose of this study was to compare a me

For an economically feasible production of ethanol from plant biomass by microbial cells, the fermentation of xylose is important. As xylose uptake might be a limiting step for xylose fermentation by recombinant xylose-utilizing Saccharomyces cerevisiae cells a study of xylose uptake was performed. After deletion of all of the 18 hexose-transporter genes, the ability of the cells to take up and to

Surfactants are present in almost all aqueous solutions-either as additives for different purposes, or because they occur naturally. Because of the common occurrence of surfactants in process water it is important to know how they behave in membrane processes. Ultrafiltration membranes allow almost complete passage of surfactant monomers, but reject micelles almost completely. Concentration polari

The 8p11 myeloproliferative syndrome (EMS) is a chronic myeloproliferative disorder molecularly characterized by fusion of various 5' partner genes to the 3' part of the fibroblast growth factor receptor 1 (FGFR1) gene at 8p, resulting in constitutive activation of the tyrosine kinase activity contained within FGFR1. EMS is associated with a high risk of transformation to acute myeloid leukemia (A

In the present study, we investigated if the previously observed JNK-mediated activation of c-Jun and induction of ATF3 could be ascribed to axonal transport of JNK signaling components, or if axonal transport of the transcription factors themselves contributes to the nuclear changes in injured sensory neurons. We observed retrograde axonal transport of a number of JNK upstream kinases in ligated

Pulsed field gradient NMR spectroscopy was used to determine the poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) self-diffusion coefficient (D-PEG) as a function of NaCl concentration (C-NaCl) and denaturation time (t(D)) in whey protein solutions and gels. D-PEG in the gel decreased with increasing C-NaCl concentrations and increased with increasing t(D); the increase ceased for all PEGs when the gel was fixed. This

The system that regulates insulin secretion from beta-cells in the islet of Langerhans has a capsaicin-sensitive inhibitory component. As calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP)-expressing primary sensory fibers innervate the islets, and a major proportion of the CGRP-containing primary sensory neurons is sensitive to capsaicin, the islet-innervating sensory fibers may represent the capsaicin-sensi

A diverse conodont collection representing the Oelandodus elongatus-Acodus deltatus deltatus Subzone of the Paroistodus proteus Zone has been retrieved from a sample from the E bed at Holsbrotten on the west side of Mt. Hunneberg. This bed marks the base of the Tetragraptus approximatus Zone at the nearby Diabasbrottet section, the recently ratified stratotype for the base of the Second Global Sta

Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) undergoes at least two kinds of cell division: vegetative septation leading to cross-walls in the substrate mycelium; and developmentally regulated sporulation septation in aerial hyphae. By isolation and characterization of a non-sporulating ftsZ mutant, we demonstrate a difference between the two types of septation. The ftsZ17(Spo) allele gave rise to a classical wh

The biliary tract is normally sterile, but bile-tolerant bacteria are frequently isolated from patients with cholecystitis. Since the identification of about 25 Helicobacter species, some of which may grow in bile, studies have addressed the role of these organisms in primary biliary cirrhosis, primary sclerosing cholangitis, and cholelithiasis. Most of these bacteria show the presence of Helicoba

A method is described for measurement of freely dissolved copper concentrations in natural water samples using supported liquid membrane (SLM) extraction under equilibrium conditions, a technique denoted "equilibrium sampling through membranes" (ESTM). For this purpose, 1,10-dibenzyl-1,10-diaza-18-crown-6 as neutral carrier and oleic acid were used in the membrane phase. The main variables optimis

In this paper, we present Vendian palaeomagnetic data for continent Baltica, based on results from the 608 +/- 1 Ma old Sarek Dyke Swarm in northern Sweden. The dykes sit in the Sarektjahkka Nappe of the Seve Nappes, which were thrust eastwards over the Baltic craton during the early Palaeozoic Caledonian Orogeny. In spite of long transport distances as well as deformation and metamorphism in the

The emerging genomic technologies and bioinformatics provide novel opportunities for studying life-threatening human pathogens and to develop new applications for the improvement of human and animal health and the prevention, treatment, and diagnosis of infections. Based on the ecology and population biology of pathogens and related organisms and their connection to epidemiology, more accurate typ

The Homogeneous charge compression ignition (HCCI) principle holds promise to increase efficiency and to reduce emissions from internal combustion engines. As HCCI combustion lacks direct ignition timing control and auto-ignition depends on the operating condition, control of auto-ignition is necessary. Since auto-ignition of a homogeneous mixture is very sensitive to operating conditions, a fast

The rarefaction technique applied to fossil pollen sequences for analyzing palynological richness, interpreted as a signal of biological diversity of landscapes and vegetation, has been developed since 1988. Errors including population evenness and vegetation disturbance have been considered in this study. Information from two sites is discussed, one with a pollen diagram covering Late-Glacial (La