The envelope process is an analytical tool often used to study extremes and wave groups. In an approach to approximate the first passage probability for the underlying response the average number of envelope crossings is used to obtain an upper bound. In the first part of the paper, we review the approach as well as give a brief account of the previous results with some focus on the contribution

We have studied experimentally and theoretically high-order harmonic generation using a laser field with a time-dependent ellipticity. We show that the harmonic emission can be confined into a narrow temporal window, in which the fundamental polarization is quasi-linear. This allows a single attosecond pulse (200 as) with a fundamental field obtained from 10 fs pulse to be generated.

The Ebf (O/E) family of helix-loop-helix transcription factors plays a significant role in B lymphocyte and neuronal development. The three primary members of this family, Ebf1, 2, and 3, are all expressed in adipocytes, and Ebf1 promotes adipogenesis when overexpressed in NIH 3T3 fibroblasts. Here we report that these three proteins have adipogenic potential in multiple cellular models and that p

This paper capitalizes on the types of portrayal of the event in recommendations of prime drinking time using data from wine tasting notes. It argues that the weakly deontic nature of recommendation fosters semantic middles, not only the middle construction proper such as This beauty should drink well for 10–12 years, but recommendation as such is characterized by a mid-degree of transfer of actio

Directional selection was relatively frequent, and in some instances intense, during a three-year study of a pheasant population. The pheasant is a polygynous species. In addition to weight, tarsus length and wing length, which were studied in both sexes, three beak characters were measured in females, and tail and spur length in males. Both univariate and multivariate techniques were used to esti

This paper describes new methods for fast correlation attacks on stream ciphers, based on techniques used for constructing and decoding the by now famous turbo codes. The proposed algorithm consists of two parts, a preprocessing part and a decoding part. The preprocessing part identifies several parallel convolutional codes, embedded in the code generated by the LFSR, all sharing the same informat

A scheme for backward retrieval in optical quantum memories in which information is stored in collective states of an extended resonant atomic ensemble is developed such that phase conjugation can be implemented by application of an external nonuniform electric (magnetic) field without use of coherent exciting pulses. The possibilities of realizing such a scheme using resonant solid-state material

Surfactants form association complexes with cyclodextrins. In the present investigation we have used NMR-diffusometry and electrical conductivity to follow the interactions which take place between ss-cyclodextrm and a bolaform surfactant: dodecane 1, 1 2-bis(trimethylammonium bromide). Both H-1 NMR self-diffusion and conductometry data indicate the formation of a 1: 1 inclusion complex. Assuming

Using phase plane analysis we show that within the framework of linear water wave theory the particle paths in a deep-water wave are not closed: there is a forward drift over a period, which decreases with greater depth.

Measurements of concentration of sensitizers for photodynamic therapy can provide important information in the dosimetry planning and can also give input to the optimal time for treatment. There has been skepticism towards fluorescence techniques for this purpose, as the signal depends on the fluorescence yield and optical properties of the tissue. Absorption based techniques, lack on the other ha

Background: Anti-glomerular basement membrane (GBM) nephritis is a rare disease induced by antibodies directed against alpha3(IV)NC1, the Goodpasture antigen. We report a patient with Crohn's disease who developed anti-GBM nephritis and the skin blistering disorder bullous pemphigoid, owing to distinct autoantibodies. Methods: Frozen sections of skin and kidney biopsies were incubated with antiser

A shear-enhanced, cross-flow ultrafiltration module was used to separate cells and proteins from the fermentation broth. Three (fermented) media were studied: rich medium, rich medium with hydrolytic enzymes added after fermentation, and wheat flour hydrolysate. To find a membrane with as high a flux as possible, but still capable of separating cells and proteins from the lactic acid containing br

Two systems for measurements of absorption and scattering properties, based on picosecond-pulse lasers and single-photon counting detection, were characterized using a detailed protocol. The first system utilizes diode lasers at 660, 785, 910 and 974 nm as light sources. The second employs a Ti:sapphire and a mode-locked dye laser to produce tunable pulses in the range 610 - 1000 nm. Using solid t

BACKGROUND: The combined effect from the androgen receptor (AR) CAG and GGC length polymorphisms on testosterone levels has not been studied in young women. METHODS: Testosterone levels were measured in blood drawn on both menstrual cycle days 5-10 and 18-23 in 258 healthy women, aged

BACKGROUND: Use of a catheter-free, radio telemetric, oesophageal pH-monitoring system in paediatric clinical practice allows patients to follow a more normal physiological pattern of activities and causes less discomfort. At our institution, placement of the capsule is done under general anaesthesia, which restricts the child's activity during the first day. The aim of this study was to determine

In the present study a HPAEC-PAD method is described that was developed for monitoring the consistency of N-glycosylation during the production and purification of recombinant proteins and monoclonal antibodies. The method successfully separated 18 neutral and sialylated oligosaccharides. Results obtained were compared with MALDI-TOF MS and it was shown that both methods gave similar results. in a

This study reports the defect and electrical transport properties of Nb-doped SrTiO3, Samples with various A/B-ratios were synthesized by a modified glycine-nitrate combustion process and evaluated as a constituent in a SOFC anode. The phase purity and defect structure of the materials have been analyzed with SEM, XRD, TGA, and XANES. The electrical conductivity of Nb-doped strontium titanate (Sr0

The wingbeat kinematics of a thrush nightingale Luscinia luscinia were measured for steady flight in a wind tunnel over a range of flight speeds (5-10 m s(-1)), and the results are interpreted and discussed in the context of a detailed, previously published, wake analysis of the same bird. Neither the wingbeat frequency nor wingbeat amplitude change significantly over the investigated speed range