The calculation of absorbed dose within patients during external photon beam radiotherapy is reviewed. This includes the modelling of the radiation source i.e. in most cases a linear accelerator (beam modelling) and examples of dose calculation algorithms applied within the patient i.e. the dose engine. For the first part - the beam modelling, the different sources in the treatment head as target,

The normoxic polymer gel dosimeter based on N-isopropyl acrylamide (NiPAM) is a promising full 3D-dosimeter with high spatial resolution and near tissue equivalency. NiPAM gel samples were irradiated to different doses using a linear accelerator. The absorbed dose was evaluated using MRI and statistical significance of the analysed data was calculated. The analysis was carried out using an in-hous

3D Direct Numerical Simulation (DNS) study of propagation of a single-reaction wave in forced, statistically stationary, homogeneous, isotropic, and constant-density turbulence was performed in order to evaluate both developing Ut T and fully developed Us T bulk turbulent consumption velocities by independently varying a ratio of 0.5 ≤ u'=SL ≤ 90 of the r.m.s. turbulent velocity to the laminar wav

A measurement of the production cross section for two isolated photons in proton-proton collisions at a center-of-mass energy of s=8 TeV is presented. The results are based on an integrated luminosity of 20.2 fb-1 recorded by the ATLAS detector at the Large Hadron Collider. The measurement considers photons with pseudorapidities satisfying |ηγ|40 GeV and ET,2γ>30 GeV for the two leading photons or

The cross section and transverse single-spin asymmetries of μ- and μ+ from open heavy-flavor decays in polarized p+p collisions at s=200 GeV were measured by the PHENIX experiment during 2012 at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider. Because heavy-flavor production is dominated by gluon-gluon interactions at s=200 GeV, these measurements offer a unique opportunity to obtain information on the triglu

Electrophysiological studies in Drosophila melanogaster and Periplaneta americana have found that the receptor current in their microvillar photoreceptors is generated by two light-activated cationic channels, TRP (transient receptor potential) and TRPL (TRP-like), each having distinct properties. However, the relative contribution of the two channel types to sensory information coding by photorec

One of the major ways in which economic inequality can increase is when the development of wages of ordinary workers trail productivity and GDP growth, meaning that the increasing riches fall in the hand of other social groups (top employees, owners of land and capital). This paper investigates the relationship between wages and GDP in Denmark, Norway and Sweden from 1800 to 1910, using wage serie

Proteins and many recently designed colloids can be regarded as patchy particles where directional interactions strongly influence and govern assembly behavior. Using explicit ion implicit solvent Metropolis Monte Carlo simulations, we investigate spherical model particles, carrying both charge and electric patches, in dilute aqueous 1 : 1, 1 : 3, and 3 : 1 electrolyte solutions. Striking differen

Learning in educational games is often associated with some form of competition. We investigated how students responded to winning or losing in an educational math game, with respect to playing with or without a Teachable Agent (TA). Students could choose between game modes in which the TA took a more passive or active role, or let the TA play a game entirely on its own. Based on the data logs fro

A multiscale modeling framework for polycrystal materials is established, using a combination of an extended vertex model and a crystal plasticity formulation. The 2D vertex model is cast to incorporate a range of mesoscale processes such as grain structure evolution and the influence of second-phase particles. It is combined with a finite strain crystal plasticity formulation whereby also texture

Transcriptional changes control β-cell survival in response to inflammatory stress. Posttranslational modifications of histone and non-histone transcriptional regulators activate or repress gene transcription, but the link to cell-fate signaling is unclear. Inhibition of lysine deacetylases (KDACs) protects β cells from cytokine-induced apoptosis and reduces type 1 diabetes incidence in animals. W

Effective communication between students and supervisors has been shown to be of importance for a high quality doctoral education by many pedagogical studies (Manathunga [1], Delamont, Aktinson and Parry [2], Halse and Malfroy [3], Bergnéher [4]). This contribution focuses on communication between supervisors and doctoral students with regard to the writing of the doctoral thesis. When it comes toEffective communication between students and supervisors has been shown to be of importance for a high quality doctoral education by many pedagogical studies (Manathunga [1], Delamont, Aktinson and Parry [2], Halse and Malfroy [3], Bergnéher [4]). This contribution focuses on communication between supervisors and doctoral students with regard to the writing of the doctoral thesis. When it comes to

Casein micelles interacting via an entropic intermediate-ranged depletion attraction exhibit a fluid-to-gel transition due to arrested spinodal decomposition. The bicontinuous networked structure of the gel freezes shortly after formation. We determine the timescales of structural arrest from the build-up of network rigidity after pre-shear rejuvenation, and find that the arrest time as well as th

A new species of algae-scraping cyprinid of the genus Capoeta Valenciennes, 1842 is described from the Kheyroud River, located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea basin in Iran. The species differs from other members of this genus by a combination of the following characters: one pair of barbels; predorsal length equal to postdorsal length; maxillary barbel slightly smaller than eye’s horizont

This article explores how egress drills-specifically those related to fire incidents-are currently used, their impact on safety levels, and the insights gained from them. It is suggested that neither the merits of egress drills are well understood, nor the impact on egress performance well characterized. In addition, the manner in which they are conducted varies both between and within regulatory

During the prenatal, neonatal and post-weaning periods, the mammalian gastrointestinal tract undergoes various morphological and physiological changes alongside with an expansion of the immune system and microbial ecosystem. This review focuses on the time period before weaning and summarizes the current knowledge regarding i) structural and functional aspects ii) the development of the immune sys

Mineral weathering plays an important role in soil formation, long-term plant nutrition, and the global carbon cycle. The dissolution rate of most soil minerals is extremely slow. Nearly 100. years ago it was proposed that plants actively mine for nutrients locked in soil minerals. In more recent times the role of plant-associated mycorrhizal fungi has been emphasized. In this chapter we criticall

Public spaces are the renditions of the power symmetry within the social setting it resides in, and is both controlling and confining of power. In an ideologically-laden context, urban design encompasses values and meanings and is utilized as a means to construct the identity and perpetuate visible and invisible boundaries. Hence, gendered spatial dichotomy based on a biological division of sexes