Radiocarbon-dated macrofossils are used to document Holocene treeline history across northern Russia (including Siberia), Boreal forest development in this region commenced by 10,000 yr B.P, Over most of Russia, forest advanced to or near the current arctic coastline between 9000 and 7000 yr B.P. and retreated to its present position by between 4000 and 3000 yr B.P. Forest establishment and retrea

The morphology, structure, and reactivity of vanadium oxide-decorated Pd(111) surfaces, which have been subjected to oxidation and reduction treatments, have been investigated by scanning tunneling microscopy (STM), high-resolution electron energy loss spectroscopy (HREELS), and high-resolution X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HR-XPS) with synchrotron radiation combined with ab initio density fun

Direct gene transfer to the adult brain is dependent on vectors that transduce non-dividing cells, such as lentiviral vectors. Another aspect of the development of gene therapy to the brain is the need for cell-specific transgene expression. Expression from vesicular stomatitis virus G-protein (VSV-G) pseudotyped lentiviral vectors has been reported to be mainly neuron specific in the brain. We co

BACKGROUND: Statins reduce cardiovascular events and progression of carotid intima-media thickness (IMT). beta-Blockers are also known to reduce cardiovascular events, but less is known about their effects on carotid IMT. METHODS AND RESULTS: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, single-center trial to compare the effects of low-dose metoprolol CR/XL (25 mg once daily) and f

OBJECTIVE—To estimate the prevalence and severity of diabetic retinopathy (DR) 10 years after diagnosis in a nationwide population-based cohort study of young adult diabetic patients in Sweden. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS—The Diabetes Incidence Study in Sweden (DISS) aims to register all incident cases of diabetes aged 15–34 years in Sweden. In 1987–1988, 806 cases were reported, and 627 (78%) of

The article discusses the process of the divergence of Swedish dialects in the Middle Ages and early modern time. Contrary to what is generally believed it is argued that the development is rather slow in the Middle Ages and more rapid afterwards until approximately 1800. Various demographic and other socio-historical factors are proposed as explanations.

The thesis has two aims. The first one is to contribute to the field of political and historical sociology through an understanding of the processes of state formation in a Third World country. The second aim is to describe and analyze the development of the Nicaraguan state from independence to 1990. In the first part of the dissertation theories of the nation-state and state formation are discus

Enzymes that require a redox-active amino acid for catalysis or function have emerged as a distinct class of proteins. For the tyrosine-based radical enzymes, we show that the spin-density distribution in the radical follows an odd alternate pattern that is invariant to within 10% across the class. General properties of the radical enzymes are summarized from which we conclude that their essential

Observation is made of rapidity-alignment of K+K- and (p) over barp pairs which results from their asymmetric orientation in rapidity, with respect to the direction from primary quark to antiquark. The K+K- and (p) over barp data are consistent with predictions from the fragmentation string model. However, the (p) over barp data strongly disagree with the conventional implementation of the cluster

While the use of radio technology for wireless data communications has increased rapidly, the wide variety of radio interfaces being used has made interference investigations hard to perform. With that in mind, we present a novel approach for analyzing packet radio communications, applicable to interfering heterogeneous networks, which leads to tractable analytical expressions. The core of the app

Organic substrates for pelagic bacteria are derived from dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in the water column. DOC is a heterogeneous mixture of molecules, some of which are imported from the watershed (allochthonous DOC) and others that are produced by autotrophs within the system (autochthonous DOC). We examined the importance of autochthonous versus allochthonous DOC in supporting the growth of p

Computer programming should be expressing the complicated in easily understandable parts. General languages provide tools and abstractions that allow many different problems to be formulated and solved. Unfortunately, these abstraction only rarely match the problem area precisely, resulting in solutions that are obscured by the need for support code unrelated to the problem. This can be avoided, b

In vitro studies of the carotenoid peridinin, which is the primary pigment from the peridinin chlorophyll-a protein (PCP) light harvesting complex, showed a strong dependence on the lifetime of the peridinin lowest singlet excited state on solvent polarity. This dependence was attributed to the presence of an intramolecular charge transfer (ICT) state in the peridinin excited state manifold. The I

This study is motivated by the understanding that entrepreneurship varies from one context to another as there are distinctive factors that influence the development and organization of entrepreneurial activities in any particular national context. Using qualitative methodology the study aims at developing a conceptual and empirical framework for the study and understanding of the phenomenon of en