In X-ray grating interferometry, dark-field contrast arises due to partial extinction of the detected interference fringes. This is also called visibility reduction and is attributed to small-angle scattering from unresolved structures in the imaged object. In recent years, analytical quantitative frameworks of dark-field contrast have been developed for highly diluted monodisperse microsphere sus

X-ray scattering imaging can provide complementary information to conventional absorption based radiographic imaging about the unresolved microstructures of a sample. The scattering signal can be accessed with various methods based on coherent illumination, which span from self-imaging to speckle scanning. The directional sensitivity of the existing real space imaging methods is limited to a few d

We discuss the concepts and methodology to implement an experiment probing directly Time Reversal (T ) non-invariance, without any experimental connection to CP violation, by the exchange of in and out states. The idea relies on the B 0 B ¯ ¯ ¯ ¯ B¯ 0 entanglement and decay time information available at B factories. The flavor or CP tag of the state of the still living neutral meson by the first d

We present a novel method to perform a direct T (time reversal) symmetry test in the neutral kaon system, independent of any CP and/or CPT symmetry tests. This is based on the comparison of suitable transition probabilities, where the required interchange of in ↔ out states for a given process is obtained exploiting the Einstein–Podolski–Rosen correlations of neutral kaon pairs produced at a ϕ-fac

The neutral Kaon system has both CP violation in the mass matrix and a non-vanishing lifetime difference in the width matrix. This leads to an effective Hamiltonian which is not a normal operator, with incompatible (non-commuting) masses and widths. In the Weisskopf–Wigner Approach (WWA), by diagonalizing the entire Hamiltonian, the unphysical non-orthogonal “stationary” states KL,S are obtained.

We compared three different Graphical User Interfaces (GUI) that we have designed and implemented to enable human supervision of an Autonomous Surface Vehicle (ASV). Special attention has been paid to provide tools for a safe navigation and giving the user a good overall understanding of the surrounding world while keeping the cognitive load at a low level. Our findings indicate that a GUI in 3D,

The informed consent process for clinical trials (CTs) is complex. Patients must be able to understand the information given to be able to make an informed decision. This thesis aimed to explore patients’ and patient representatives’ views, factual knowledge, and perceived understanding of patient information in clinical cancer trials, and to investigate how patients’ understanding may be correlat

Exhaustive, automatic testing of dataflow (esp. mapreduce) programs has emerged as an important challenge. Past work demonstrated effective ways to generate small example data sets that exercise operators in the Pig platform, used to generate Hadoop map-reduce programs. Although such prior techniques attempt to cover all cases of operator use, in practice they often fail. Our SEDGE system addresse

Modern development environments support refactoring by providing atomically behaviour-preserving transformations. While useful, these transformations are limited in three ways: (i) atomicity forces transformations to be complex and opaque, (ii) the behaviour preservation requirement disallows deliberate behaviour evolution, and (iii) atomicity limits code reuse opportunities for refactoring implem

We introduce the concept of "residual investigation" for program analysis. A residual investigation is a dynamic check installed as a result of running a static analysis that reports a possible program error. The purpose is to observe conditions that indicate whether the statically predicted program fault is likely to be realizable and relevant. The key feature of a residual investigation is that

The current generation of dynamic invariant detectors often produce invariants that are inconsistent with program semantics or programmer knowledge. We improve the consistency of dynamically discovered invariants by taking into account higher-level constraints. These constraints encode knowledge about invariants, even when the invariants themselves are unknown. For instance, even though the invari

Variance is concerned with the interplay of parametric polymorphism (i.e., templates, generics) and subtyping. The study of variance gives answers to the question of when an instantiation of a generic class can be a subtype of another. In this work, we combine the mechanisms of use-site variance (as in Java) and definition-site variance (as in Scala and C#) in a single type system, based on Java.

The widespread adoption of XML has led to programming languages that support XML as a first class construct. In this paper, we present a method for analyzing and optimizing imperative XML processing programs. In particular, we present a program analysis, based on a flow-sensitive type system, for detecting both redundant computations and redundant traversals in such programs. The analysis handles

Modern programs make extensive use of reusable software libraries. For example, a study of a number of large Java applications shows that between 17% and 30% of the classes in those applications use container classes defined in the java.util package. Given this extensive code reuse in Java programs, it is important for the interfaces of reusable classes to be well documented. An interface is well