This conceptual paper addresses the issues of transparency as linked to artificial intelligence (AI) from socio-legal and computer scientific perspectives. Firstly, we discuss the conceptual distinction between transparency in AI and algorithmic transparency, and argue for the wider concept ‘in AI’, as a partly contested albeit useful notion in relation to transparency. Secondly, we show that tran

In August 1986 some parks in central Malmo were photographed from a height of 760 meters with colour infrared film. Two simultaneous studies were performed to evaluate the feasibility of manual and digital classification of trees with different degrees of crown damage. This damage is mostly due to exhaustion fumes from heavily trafficked roads, mechanical damage to roots and de-icing salt. This pa

The continuous operation of the NOAA series of meteorological satellites from the early 1980s onward, and the use of time series of data from its AVHRR sensor have been instrumental in the development of a new paradigm in the area of global earth observation. The coarse spatial and high temporal resolution of the data contrasts sharply with the data characteristics of traditional earth resource sa

The semi-arid Sahel zone of Africa has suffered several periods of severe drought since about 1950. We have analyzed AVHRR Normalized Difference Vegetation Index (NDVI) over the Sahel for the period 1982-2002, and found extensive areas of increasing NDVI. To verify these changes we have analyzed Landsat TM and ETM+ scenes from 1984-1986 and 1999-2001 for areas in the Sudan, Central African Republi

Net primary production (NPP) is modeled for a coniferous forest in southern Sweden for 2001. The model is based on the light-use efficiency concept where NPP is calculated as a product of absorbed photosynthetically active radiation (APAR) and a light-use efficiency factor (ε). APAR is estimated from the fraction of APAR (FAPAR) multiplied with the daily total amount of incoming PAR. FAPAR is obta

The contribution of the understorey vegetation to the spectral reflectance from the top of a forest canopy was investigated by the use of a forest canopy reflectance model. Detailed field data, i.e. forest leaf area index (LAI), tree structural parameters like the height, diameter and crown length of the trees, and the composition, distribution and reflectance of the forest floor, was collected fo

The aim of this work is to develop and test a method for generation of information on vegetation dynamics from high-spatial resolution data, such as Sentinel-2. In order to accomplish this, Sentinel-2 data were simulated from existing SPOT HRG and HRVIR scenes over Sweden. We used TIMESAT, a well-tested computer package for generating smooth seasonal profiles and generation of seasonality paramete

Summary: Geografisk informationsbehandling baseras på insamling, lagring, analys och visualisering av geografiska data. Denna indelning utgör också grunden för bokens disposition. Boken är i första hand avsedd för introducerande kurser vid universitet och högskolor men vissa delar är lämpliga även på avancerad nivå. Den är också utmärkt för yrkesverksamma inom GIS som vill öka sina teoretiska kuns

Summary: Geografisk informationsbehandling baseras på insamling, lagring, analys och visualisering av geografiska data. Denna indelning utgör också grunden för bokens disposition. Boken är i första hand avsedd för introducerande kurser vid universitet och högskolor men vissa delar är lämpliga även på avancerad nivå. Den är också utmärkt för yrkesverksamma inom GIS som vill öka sina teoretiska kuns

Geografisk informationsbehandling baseras på insamling, lagring, analys och visualisering av geografiska data. Denna indelning utgör också grunden för bokens disposition. Boken är i första hand avsedd för introducerande kurser vid universitet och högskolor men vissa delar är lämpliga även på avancerad nivå. Den är också utmärkt för yrkesverksamma inom GIS som vill öka sina teoretiska kunskaper. Bo

Geografisk informationsbehandling baseras på insamling, lagring, analys och visualisering av geografiska data. Denna indelning utgör också grunden för bokens disposition. Boken är i första hand avsedd för introducerande kurser vid universitet och högskolor men vissa delar är lämpliga även på avancerad nivå. Den är också utmärkt för yrkesverksamma inom GIS som vill öka sina teoretiska kunskaper. Bo

Questions: To what extent does the long-term process of grassland succession reflect changes in nutrient availability or other effects of grassland history? Plant communities in ancient, semi-natural pastures include many species associated with nutrient-poor soils. However, semi-natural pasture communities can also develop on previously arable sites — as nutrient levels decline over time. In Euro

Many earlier works were devoted to the study of the breakdown of superconductivity in type-II superconducting bounded planar domains, submitted to smooth magnetic fields. In the present contribution, we consider a new situation where the applied magnetic field is piecewise-constant, and the discontinuity jump occurs along a smooth curve meeting the boundary transversely. To handle this situation,

We consider normalized Boolean circuits that use binary operations of disjunction and conjunction, and unary negation, with the restriction that negation can be only applied to input variables. We derive a lower bound trade-off between the size of normalized Boolean circuits computing Boolean semi-disjoint bilinear forms and their conjunction-depth (i.e., the maximum number of and-gates on a direc

This essay raises the question whether citizens in the digital age can learn from how credibility is treated in international negotiations. Negotiators face problems both in attempting to send credible signals and in making credibility assessments of received signals. Several studies, starting with Schelling's seminal analysis of commitments, indicate that credible signals are those that are someh

Background: Ultrahigh-field (UHF) MRI advances towards clinical use. Patient compliance is generally high, but few large-scale studies have investigated the effects experienced in 7T MRI systems, especially considering peripheral nerve stimulation (PNS) and caregiving. Purpose: To evaluate the quantity, the intensity, and subjective experiences from short-term effects, focusing on the levels of co

Background: It is well known that a severe cell injury after exposure to ionizing radiation is the induction of DNA double-strand breaks (DSBs). After exposure, an early response to DSBs is the phosphorylation of the histone H2AX molecule regions adjacent to the DSBs, referred to as γ-H2AX foci. The γ-H2AX assay after external exposure is a good tool for investigating the link between the absorbed

Control charts have typically been constructed using estimators obtained under assumptions of data independence and a given distribution of data. Here, I deal with cases in which neither of these conditions are satisfied. In particular, I consider the case of data obtained from a first-order autoregressive (AR(1)) time series model that have been contaminated by outlying process observations. I fi